Access Control Models - 1731 Words

ACCESS CONTROL MODELS An access control model is a framework that dictates how subjects access objects. There are three main types of access control model mandatory access control, discretionary access control and role-based access control. Discretionary (DAC) The creator of a file is the ‘owner’ and can grant ownership to others. Access control is at the discretion of the owner. Most common implementation is through access control lists. Discretionary access control is required for the Orange Book â€Å"C† Level. Mandatory (MAC) Much more structured. Is based on security labels and classifications. Access decisions are based on clearance level of the data and clearance level of the user, and, classification of the object. Rules are made†¦show more content†¦Network architecture – Logical controls can provide segregation and protection of an environment. I/P address ranges, subnets, routing between networks, etc. Network Access – Logical network access controls – routers, switches, NICs, bridges. Encryption and Protocols Control Zone – Technical and physical control. Surrounds and protects network devices that emit electrical signals. TEMPEST related. Access Control Types Each control method can also perform different functionality. The functionality types are Preventative Detective Corrective Deterrent Recovery Compensating For example Preventative-Administrative Policies and procedures, effective hiring practices, background checks, data classification, security awareness training. Preventative-Physical Biometrics, badges, swipe cards, guards, dogs, motion detectors, fences, mantraps, locks and alarms. Preventative-Technical Passwords, biometrics, smart cards, encryption, call-back systems, database views, antivirus software, ACLs, firewalls, IDS Auditing Accountability Auditing capabilities ensure that users are held accountable for their actions, verify that policies are enforced, deter improper actions and are an investigative tool. There are 3 main types of audit tool Audit reduction Variance detection Attack-signature detection Audit data must be protected from unauthorized viewing andShow MoreRelatedAccess Control Models And Report Essay2752 Words   |  12 PagesSecurity Research Report Lecturer: Krassie Petrova ACCESS CONTROL MODELS Report Synopsis This research is aimed at conducting a comparative study of the different access control models and report on them. The prescribed text mentions Role Based Access Control in chapter 5 but does not give details on this model and does not provide information on the other access control models. Hence this report seeks to explain the different access control models and compare them based on an analysis of academicRead MoreImportance Of IT Security Models And Access Control843 Words   |  4 Pages IT Security Models and Access Control Management – Corrective â€Å"Corrective controls exist to relieve or decrease the impacts of the danger being showed†(Northcutt,2014). At the point when a representative leaves or is ended, it can be a noteworthy security risk on the off chance that regardless they approach network and friends IT assets. This danger could bring about the unapproved access of framework assets and information. To moderate this risk suitable end controls, arrangements and methodologyRead MoreThe World Of Computer Systems1466 Words   |  6 Pagesof the organisation in other to control â€Å"who gets in†, â€Å"who does what† and â€Å"who sees what†. This duty has seemed to be one of the difficult problems faced by the admin and could turn out bad If not controlled properly (Kizza, 2009). However, due to differences in geographical locations and socio-cultural differences, the users find it challenging to achieve a balance between securing and availability of resources due to the approach of the n umerous access control implemented into distributed systemRead MoreDevelopment of Control and Confidentiality for Database Management Systems896 Words   |  4 Pagesthe area of access control and confidentiality for DBMSs focused on the development of two different classes of models, based on the unrestricted access control policy and on the mandatory access control policy. This early research was transmitting in the framework of relational database systems. The relational data model, being a declarative and high-level model for specifying the logical structure of data, made the development of simple declarative languages for specifying access control policiesRead MoreThe New Ways Of Interaction With The Iot1255 Words   |  6 Pagesopen issues that may hinder the adoption and development of the IoT. Authorization and Access Control in IoT Authorization determines whether an entity (i.e., person or object) is permitted to access a certain resource. Access control means controlling access to resources by granting or denying access according to a wide range of criteria. Authorization is typically implemented through the use of access controls. As expected in IoT there will be an extremely large number of devices with low powerRead MoreManagement Access Control At Lan Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Several buildings spread across a local area network with hundreds or thousands of devices ranging in size from single office computers, a computer network LAN stands for. The main role of LAN computers linked together and to share access to printers, fax machines, data storage, messaging, games, file servers, and other services. LAN aspect of the development of the school, the university, the office building to operate as a small geographic area, quick data transfer. LAN common shareRead MoreIaas Availability Management : Iaas Providers Availability Considerations1204 Words   |  5 Pagesstatus of your virtual servers and network. Access Control : Access requirements must be aware to the client users and system administrators (privileged users) who access network, system, and application resources. The functionalities of access control management include defining who should have access to what resources (Assignment of entitlements to users, and also to audit and report to verify entitlement assignments), why should the users have access to the resource they hold (Assignment of entitlementsRead MoreBasic Concepts Of Access Control System1133 Words   |  5 Pagesnumber of access control policies that need to be defined might be in billions. If only one permission is incorrectly granted, a user will be given unsupervised access to information and resources which could jeopardize the security of the entire given social network. Presently, security of information is an indispensable responsibility for all media keeping and sharing information with others. In practice, all applications employ access control methods to protect their information. Access control identifiesRead MoreThe Secrecy Controls Of The Bellla Padula Model1052 Words   |  5 Pages1)Write a set of rules combining the secrecy controls of the BellLa Padula model with the integrity controls of the Biba model. Bell-LaPadula Model is a formal state- transition model of computer security policy that describes a set of access control rules for some objects. It s an access control model for protecting confidentiality. It has been proven that as the information flows from one object to another the system remains in a secure state. We can say that information prohibited in one stateRead MoreA Report On The Cloud Industry1378 Words   |  6 Pagesinfrastructure. Introduction What is an Insider Threat? â€Å"A malicious insider threat to an organization is a current or former employee, contractor, or other business partner who has or had authorized access to an organization s network, system, or data and intentionally exceeded or misused that access in a manner that negatively affected the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the organization s information or information systems.† Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University

Reproductive Cloning Technology Essay - 1795 Words

Reproductive Cloning Cloning has become a major issue in our modern world, from moral, ethical, and religious concerns, to the problem of financial and government support. Human cloning is one of the most controversial topics, and because of this, many of the new important discoveries and beneficial technologies have been overlooked and ignored. Reproductive cloning technology may offer many new possibilities, including hope for endangered species, resources for human organ transplants, and answers to questions concerning cancer, inherited diseases, and aging. The research that led up to the ability to clone mammals started more than a century ago. From frogs to mice to sheep to humans, reproductive cloning promises many possibilities.†¦show more content†¦Gene cloning is a unique and complicated technology that holds answers to many questions, and offers numerous possibilities. The process of gene cloning will provide potential answers for questions and puzzles concerning cancer, aging, and in herited diseases, and will help provide a better tool for scientific health research, human and animal alike. But what exactly is gene cloning? It is a process in which a small portion of genetic information (a piece of DNA or gene) is removed from one organism, and introduced into a host cell (Wong, 4-5). In order to accomplish this, the gene is first inserted into a vector, or small piece of DNA. The vector then â€Å"acts as a vehicle† (Wong, 4-5) and transports the gene into the host cell. The act of this transportation into the host cell is called transformation, and the host cell becomes known as a â€Å"transformed† cell. This is where the gene-containing vector is replicated or â€Å"cloned† into identical cells (Wong, 31-34) Important discoveries led to this ability to clone genes. In 1970, scientists Howard Temin and David Baltimore were able to isolate the first restrictive enzymes, named Reverse Transcriptase, which cut DNA in particular locations (History of Cloning). These enzymes, after cutting the DNA, leave what are known as â€Å"sticky ends,† which are then healed by enzymes called ligase (McKinnell, 8-11). Then in 1972, Paul Berg from Stanford University successfully combined two pieces of DNA to form the firstShow MoreRelatedOverpopulation Is Not Too Late?1729 Words   |  7 Pagesfound interest in raising consciousness about the issue of overpopulation, but is it too late for the inevitable events that are to come? With the rise of technology that question has become difficult to answer as new advancements continue to do the unexpected and merely the impossible. For instance topics that are now in discussion include cloning of living organisms, colonization in other planets, and cre ation of virtual worlds. Overpopulation as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary is â€Å"The conditionRead MoreGenetic Engineering and Infertility1243 Words   |  5 Pagessperm movement, sperm count. To avoid male infertility you need to live a healthy life style (Mary Land University). There are many ways to cure male infertility. Drug therapy may be used to treat hormonal disorder. Surgery may be used to repair reproductive part. The most recent way to cure male infertility is gene therapy. This technique was first done at mice and it worked. They did it by correcting a defective gene in sertoli cell which help sperm to mature. They nourish the germ cells and produceRead MoreGenetic Engineering Pros And Cons1648 Words   |  7 Pagesonly in turn make the rich even wealthier and those who are poor†¦ well it would make them even more poor than they already are. CLONING: PROS: If someone is missing or has a damaged vital organ then you could copy and clone the same organ of another person, then transplant it into the unhealthy body†¦ then that body could be healthy again. Another pro for cloning is the fact that you could clone a bunch of babies and there wouldn t even be a need to have children and waste all that money onRead More Human Reproductive Cloning Should be Banned Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Reproductive Cloning Should be Banned The issues concerning human reproductive cloning are shrouded in controversy, perhaps overshadowing the true advantages of cloning technology. Therapeutic cloning, which is often misunderstood as reproductive cloning, is less controversial than the latter as it does not involve the creating of an individual being. Instead, vital stem cells are extracted from human embryos, in order to generate tissues and organs for transplant. The goal of thisRead MoreShould Cloning Be Allowed?1440 Words   |  6 Pageshuman cloning is becoming a feasible practice. Recently there has been a successful cloning of a sheep, so scientists start to speculate the different uses of cloning human embryos. The three forms of cloning that stand out are reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning, and cloning for scientific research. Cloning should be permitted, but only reproductive cloning should be permitted with a limit on the number of babies a person or family can reproduce. The arguments that support cloning dependRead MoreHuman Cloning- Term Paper1576 Words   |  7 PagesShould human reproductive cloning be accepted? Based from Human Genome Project Information (n.d.), â€Å"Cloning is a term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material.† It means creating a genetically identical copy of an organism. Scientists attempted to clone animals for many years. In fact, there are hundreds of cloned animals existing today. It started in 1952 when a tadpole was cloned. But worldwide attention and concerns only aroused inRead MoreThe Debate of Human Cloning Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe journey that human cloning has taken has been one of dramatic highs and lows, heated arguments and confusion about the path ahead. When researchers witnessed the birth of the first cloned mammal, they were ecstatic, but this high ended with the tragic early death of this sheep, Dolly, due to abnormalities (Jaenisch 2004: 2787). The initial success and progress in this field fueled scientists to want to do further research into this technology, which would eventually leading to work with humanRead MoreWhat Are the Ethical Issues of Human Cloning1463 Words   |  6 Pagesregarding the issue of human cloning in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia which have made attempts or have done research in reproductive cloning. Countries like Australia have prohibited human cloning in 2006. (NHMRC, 2007) Advocates who involve congress members, editorial writers, fertility specialists...and so on gave benefits of human cloning, yet not enough to justify the moral and ethical issues underlying the controversy. Human cloning refers to the creation ofRead MoreHuman Cloning- Term Paper1562 Words   |  7 PagesShould human reproductive cloning be accepted? Based from Human Genome Project Information (n.d.), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Cloning is a term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It means creating a genetically identical copy of an organism. Scientists attempted to clone animals for many years. In fact, there are hundreds of cloned animals existing today. It started in 1952 when a tadpole was cloned. But worldwide attention and concerns only arousedRead More Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Essay example1484 Words   |  6 PagesReproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Cloning is defined as the â€Å"creation of an exact copy of a living matter, such as a cell or organism† according to Encarta encyclopedia. The copies produced through cloning have identical genetic makeup and are known as clones. Scientists use cloning techniques in the laboratory to create copies of cells or organisms with valuable traits. Cloning is a controversial topic because new areas of science often raise questions about safety. Early experiment

The Official Language of the United States Free Essays

Do you know what the official language of the United States is? If you answered English, guess again. But don’t feel bad, the vast majority of people would answer that English is the official language of the United States of America. English is the de facto language since, at this point, it is the most widely spoken language in the nation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Official Language of the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now But Spanish is catching up millions Hispanics speaking their native language at home, at work, and on their daily lives. This brings another point: Why is the U. S. an English-speaking country (or so you think), catering not only to the Spanish language, but to many others that you don’t even know about? Because the U. S. as a nation has never declared an official language. Many people have tried it with no success. In 1780, John Adams proposed to the Continental Congress that English should be declared the official language of the United States. His proposal was deemed â€Å"undemocratic and a threat to individual liberty. † This type of debate has been going on for years, with people on both sides of the fence. And yet, the issue isn’t any closer to a resolution than it was 200 years ago. This doesn’t mean that the individual states have not declared an official language because many already have. Twenty-seven states, to be exact, have officially declared English as their language. U. S. English . gov Let’s not forget that since 1776 we have been—and continue to be—a multilingual nation. Back then, it wasn’t uncommon to hear up to 20 different languages spoken in daily life. Today, those numbers are more staggering. According to U. S. English Inc. an advocacy group that supports declaring English as our official language, 322 languages are spoken in the country, with 24 of those spoken in every state and the District of Columbia. California has the most languages, with 207, while Wyoming has the fewest with 56. So why won’t Congress declare an official language? Because we are a nation of immigrants and these numbers prove it. Because declaring an official language would abridge the rights of individuals with limited English proficiency, individuals who are paying taxes and who are entitled to the same rights as those who speak English. To protect those rights, there is something called Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Although twenty seven states have declared English as their official language, in order to receive federal financial assistance those states still have to comply with Title VI, which requires that vital materials be available in the language of everyone receiving benefits subsidized by the Federal Government. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 2000 Executive Order No. 3166 require that public entities receiving federal funds must have all vital documents available in every language that their clients speak; every language, not just Spanish. Why? Because the U. S. has never declared an official language and as such, the Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 still applies. Basically, Title VI was best described by President John F. Kennedy in 1963: â€Å"Simple justice requires that public funds, to which all taxpayers of all races [colors, and national origins] contribute, not be spent in any fashion which encourages, entrenches, subsidizes or results in racial [color or national origin] discrimination. † How to cite The Official Language of the United States, Essay examples

A Comparison Of Freud And Fromm Essay Example For Students

A Comparison Of Freud And Fromm Essay Sigmund Freud was born in Monrovia on May 6,1856. He entered the University of Vienna in 1873 at the age of 17. He finished his degree in 1881. Freud died in England in 1939. He was an active therapist, theorist and writer to the very end. ( Ewen 19-20) Erich Fromm was born four years after Freud in 1900 in Frankfurt, Germany. Unlike Freud, Fromm had no medical training in his background. He received his PHD from the University of Heidelberg and later studied at Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute. Erich Fromm died March 16, 1980 in Switzerland. (Ewen 187)While Freud and Fromm were contemporaries and shared some basic beliefs, their approach to most issues varied greatly. Freuds attitude was purely scientific. Fromm desired to humanize things. Fromm accepted the importance of unconscious, biological drives, repression and defense mechanisms, but rejected Freuds theory of id, ego and superego. Fromm did not believe in specific developmental stages. He believed that the growing child slowly learns to distinguish between I and not I, through contact with the environment, notably those involving the parents.(Ewen 194) Fromm contends that personality development continues into adulthood. He believes that if a child keeps up with the increasing feelings of isolation, that anxiety can be kept to a minimal and personality development proceeds normally. Freuds well-known theory is that the personality is determined during the first five years of life. He believes we proceed through a series of psychosexual stages: oral, anal, urethral, phallic, a latency period and genital. Freud contends that the genital stage is the goal of normal development and that it represents true maturity. ( Hansen 25-26)Fromm warns against pathogenic beha vior because it can damage the childs sense of reliance. He believed healthy personality is illustrated by biophilia, love, creativity and reason. ( Ewen 195-196) These characteristics compromise the productive frame of orientation. The nonproductive frames include narcissism, necrophilia, dependence, compulsive strivings for power or wealth and the mechanisms of escape. Fromm had four other nonproductive orientations that he devoted a great deal of attention to. These were receptive, exploitative, hoarding and marketing. Three of these orientations can be loosely compared to Freuds oral-dependent, oral-sadistic and anal character without the sexual implications. Freud and Fromm both believed that dreams are the royal road to the unconscious. ( Ewen 198) Fromm agreed with Freud that dreams could serve the purpose of wish fulfillment, that the days events set them off, and that a person may conceal truths in different ways. While both men believed in dream symbols, Freud believed most dreams involved childhood sexual impulses and Fromm regarded many symbols as asexual. Fromm believed that dreams could have obvious and undisguised meanings that did not have to involve childhood conflicts. To understand Fromms approach to clinical diagnosis, his theory of character must first be understood. His theory of character development was that humans are distinguished from other animals by a larger neocortex with fewer instincts. Character shapes human instinct. Human survival is not merely a matter of physical survival, humans are social animals who must relate to others, and they are spiritual animals who must infuse their lives with meaning in order to function. Humans require a sense of hope to keep from turning off. They also require caring adults in the early years to be teachers that teach them to control their fears and passions and live in harmony with others. Religion both sacred and secular can give meaning to life and give a sense of identity and rootness. Fromm accepted Freuds definition of mental health saying that it is the capacity for love and productive work. Fromm also agreed with Freud in saying that psychopathology represents a difference in degree, rather than in kind. Fromm states that besides pathogenic behaviors that neurosis is often caused by the culture in which one lives. He says that neurosis consists of a conflict between two opposing forces. Which is when our healthy innate drives toward self-realization and independence are blocked by parental or societal influences. Freud states that neurosis invariably begins in infancy and childhood, however it may not become evident until much later in life. Some causes of neurosis is a lack of physical affection, overindulgence or too much frustration during a psychosexual stage will result in harmful fixations, or a child may suffer from traumatic events. .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6 , .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6 .postImageUrl , .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6 , .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6:hover , .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6:visited , .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6:active { border:0!important; } .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6:active , .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6 .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub0bb4faa588062397fe633846eb4b9b6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Who Discoverd America EssayFreud and Fromm both shared the conviction that the truth will set man free, (www.maccoby.com) but Fromm moves in a different direction from Freuds emphasis on psychoanalysis as a process that patiently uncovers and interrupts resistance in order to regain lost memories. Both Freud and Fromm defined psychoanalysis as the art of making the unconscious conscious, both recognize that we resist knowing the truth and that resistances must be overcome. Their views of resistance vary however. Fromm believed repression is a constantly recurring process. He believed a person resists perceiving and knowing out of fear of seeing more than society allows or because the truth would force one to experience ones irrationality or powerlessness. Freud defined resistance more narrowly. He described it as repressed, unconscious wishes to maintain infantile sexual fantasies, and the childhood fear of being punished because of ones libidinal impulses, act as resistance to memory. These repressions cause neurotic patterns. Freud believed the key to analyzing and overcoming resistance is transference. The patient transfers desire and fear onto the analyst who becomes a substitute for figures of the past. Resistance will be overcome only if the acting out within analysis is interpreted and transformed into memories which can be worked through and reintegrated into a more mature psyche. Fromm proposed a broader concept of transference. He believed the analyst represents infantile authority, like the mother who solves all of her childs problems or the father who is never satisfied with his sons accomplishments. Instead of facing reality independently the patient continues to transfer interpersonal struggles and wishes. Fromms approach tended to strengthen this type of transference and with it the patients resistance to remembering. Freuds approach to technique could be more democratic than Fromms, especially since Freud did not try to force fit the patient into a formula. Freud did advocate rules in the doctor-patient relationship, in part to protect himself. Freud did not like to be stared at all day; thus the patient lies on a couch and cannot see the analyst. Fromm on the other hand liked the humanistic face to face encounter. Sometimes his piercing eyes would freeze the patient and his intensity could provoke defensive reactions. Freud saw the analyst as a professional with technical training who should have a love of truth, a broad education in the arts and sciences, and knowledge of his own unconscious. Another subject that Fromm and Freud had different opinions on was religion. Fromm has been described as deeply religious, but still not believing in God. His childhood included a strong Jewish influence, but he rejected it because he wanted no part of organized religion. The most important aspect of religion for Fromm personally was the hope it offered. He praised loving thy neighbor as thyself as the most important standard for living.( Ewen 202) Fromm did contend that religion could have harmful effects. He felt religious organizations prohibition of birth control, could stifle healthy growth and development. He did not like the idea of so many different religions preaching different beliefs. He preferred to emphasize the commonness of all humanity. Freud regarded religious beliefs to be extremely harmful to the individual and society. He viewed religion as a regression to infancy, when a helpless baby needed protection of an all-powerful parent.( Ewen 60) He hated religious ideas such as life continues after death and that all good is r

Paradise Lost Essays - Christian Poetry, Epic Poets, Epic Poetry

Paradise Lost Paradise Lost Milton writes Paradise Lost in the tradition of a classic epic poem. All epic poems contain some common features. Milton follows this outline with great precision and style. His poem uses the guidelines of an epic poem and elaborates upon them to make his poem one of the most popular epics written. In his poem, Milton uses the key points of an epic poem when he traditionally invokes a muse to speak through him, includes great deeds of valor, long speeches, and a list of the protagonists Milton follows the tradition of epic poetry when he asks a muse to speak through him. It is clear that for Milton it is the poet's submission to the voice of his muse, to divine inspiration, which ultimately distinguishes the soaring creation of Paradise Lost from an insulting speculation of what happens in the Garden of Eden. Milton does not, however, present the hymn of a heavenly muse as his only defense against presuming too much. Through the book, he remains sensitive to the relationship between himself as poet and his center of attention. While he insists on the honest intentions of what he undertakes, he never neglects to expose the satanic aspect of his poetic posture. In this way Milton differs a slightly from a traditional epic. Instead of speaking through Milton, the muse is more of a second person that inspires Milton. Never the less, Paradise Lost still follows the outline of a customary epic poem. Another part of a traditional epic poem is that the hero must perform great deeds of valor to defeat the villain. Milton wants his readers to be forced to face the problem of Satan seeming invincible. Satan is, after all, an angel. He is a mighty angel that is removed from Heaven. In order for us to see the power of God, it is necessary that Satan also be powerful. It is important that Satan, a parody of God, is viewed as an eloquent, bold being; one that possesses superhuman strength, extraordinary martial prowess, and fortitude so that he can be a foil to show how great God is. In order for God to vanquish and control this awesome being, his characteristics must exceed the characteristics of Satan. Therefore, it emphasizes the great valor God possesses to successfully defeat Satan in their battle. One of the last characteristics that this poem demonstrates that are typical of an epic poem is the long list of the protagonists that the plot involves accompanied by long speeches by the main characters. Milton dedicates a large portion of the first book of the series to a catalogue of the fallen angels. The numbers of angels that are listed are used to give the reader the notion of being overwhelmed by the mass number of villains. He also provides extended formal speeches by the main characters. It is on the basis of the eloquence and power of those speeches that much of the personality of the characters is shown. This listing of villains and long, profound speeches verifies that this poem fits every description of an epic poem. When Milton writes Paradise Lost he uses a general outline that will categorize his poem as an epic poem. He elaborates on the general characteristics of an epic poem including the relationship between the muse and him. They are shown as two separate people with the muse as the higher being. Obviously, in spite of some adjustments and alterations, Milton undeniably uses classical epic traits. Milton builds his epic out of views of the past and uses every feature of epic poetry that can possibly be used.

Role of women in china essays

Role of women in china essays Throughout most of history women have always aimed for a recognized place in society. Women generally have had fewer legal rights and career opportunities than men. Wifehood and motherhood were regarded as women's most significant professions. Looking at the world today, many accomplishments in women's rights have occurred since the last century. In the 20th century, women in most nations have won the right to vote and have increased their educational and job opportunities. Most importantly, women have gained the accomplishment of a reevaluation of their role in society. During the early 19th century, freedom was trying to be reached across the world. Women such as Lucretia Mott and Susan B. Anthony created many organizations for equality and independence as early as 1848. Countries from across the world like United States, Argentina, Iceland, Persia, and China met to give more rights to women; yet, even with these activist groups, victory did not occur for a long time. Historically women have always been considered as inferior creatures both intellectually and physically to men. There has always been a stereotype that "a woman's place is in the home." Women were expected to be caregivers, bear and raise children, and clean and cook for the family. Because men were seen as superior to women, they would always have the final word in what was be done. Men practically owned his wife and children as he did his material However, fortunately times have changed and so has the role that women play in society. In this country, women have the ability to choice to create their own lives, own businesses, become what they've always dreamed, speak their minds, or balance a family and a career. Throughout the years women have demonstrated that if enough effort is in place, women are able to accomplish all a man can accomplish and even more. It is important to look back upon history and value the actions taken by women in the 19th and 20th...

Telecommunications and Networking Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Telecommunications and Networking - Article Example The rise of ICT and electronics brought tremendous advancement to communications technology which had grown from the ordinary Morse code, to simple telephony, and recently through visual telecommunication, and finally to the advent of wireless systems. The impact of this progress hastened the speed and the convenience of delivering and receiving valuable information with vividness and precision. Modern society has become so agile with the fast pace of life, businesses, and the need for mobile technologies has also increased. Developments cope with these needs and telecommunications became mobile with cellular pagers, cellular phones, and recently with mobile videophones. Surely telecommunications is accessible wherever you are in the world. If this technology did exist during WWII, Pearl Harbor tragedy could not have happened. The pace of development along the field of ICT and telecommunication seems so fast that new technologies emerged and changes in monthly basis. Ideas keep coming out every single day and before you know it, what is in today is pass' by the end of the semester. Take for example the emergence of wireless communication technologies. Before we know it the once popular analog mobile phones has gone so far to integrate computing and mobile internet access in just a span of three generations. That is a lot of time if you think of it but to appreciate the progress its better understood in terms of what had changed so far since the first cellular communication device was introduced. We can even trace back our discussion of the history of wireless communications from 0G or Zero generations when telephone systems was still operator assisted with very limited channels. But we have to begin our exploration from First generation (1G) to third generations (3G) of modern mobile communications, a gro wing family of wireless technology. The First Generation (1G) "The big boom in mobile phone service really began with the introduction of analog cellular service called AMPS (Analog Mobile Phone Service)" (Shepler, 2005). The first generation technologies of wireless communications are analog cellular phones. Based on record the 1G era covers the 1980s. The first mobile phone systems, called as "cellular mobile radio telephone" used analog radio signals which are transmitted via a less developed networks of repeaters such as those used by amateur radio operators.. Analog signals are continuous electrical signals that vary in time and variations follow that of the original non-electric signal to make them analogous hence the name analog (Net Tel Information Center, 2004). In analog technologies, the voice signals are transmitted via a base carrier in a form of an alternating current which frequency is changed and varied to match the original signal, amplified, then transmitted via the networks. This system is still used in some landline telephon es and radio broadcasts today. Among the first 1G systems introduced was in 1979, with Japan's Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland's Nordic Mobile Telephone (MBT) system launched in 1981, and the Total Access Communication System (TACS), deployed in the United Kingdom in 1983 (Britannica Online, 2008). The Second Generation (2G) The birth of digital

Law of Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Law of Contract - Essay Example In all this, the intention of enforcing agreements through contracts is to boost commercial relations, since commerce generally involves individuals or personal interaction; and the obligation imposed by a contract is, in general, created by the parties themselves. This makes one accountable for his/her promises, and ensures that they deliver such promise within the ambit of law (Richards, 2007). As it stands, Pete on putting on his website that it is â€Å"The shop that never sleeps† is intended to create the picture of an operating system whereby all customers’ needs are acted on promptly with zeal. In the face of law, this will not be taken to be a twenty four hour business, but within the working hours, it operates with an efficiency that will guarantee customers satisfaction. Any service below this mark can prompt the customer to seek legal action (Stone, 2009). On the same note, Pete put on his website that he has four tickets for Dob Bylan concert at a total pric e of â‚ ¬100 for each ticket. He goes further to say that the tickets will be sold to the first person placing an order with him. This amounts to an offer, to anyone who has â‚ ¬100 per ticket to buy. It puts Mr. ... The person making the offer in this case is known as the offeror whereas the one who has been addressed to is called offeree. Mr. Pete has made an express offer since he has specifically made his intentions known to the offeree(s) through writing (MacLntyre, 2010). An offer is very different from an invitation to treat. An invitation to treat can be termed as a mere invitation to make an offer and no contract can result from it alone. A good example is afforded by the display of goods in a shop or supermarket. From all the decided case so far, the display of goods only amounts to invitation treat, not an offer. The offer is made at the point whereby the prospective buyer approaches the shop attendant or cashier, by picking up the goods and expressing the desire to buy those (Stone, 2009). Here, is a case to explain this: Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain V. Boots (1953). The defendant has self service store in which certain listed drugs were displayed on shelves. It was illegal to sell such drugs unless the sale was under the supervision of a registered pharmacist. A customer selected some of those drugs from the shelves. The defendants had placed a registered pharmacist on duty at the cash desk near the exit, not at the shelves. The defendants were charged with the offence of listing drugs without supervision of a registered pharmacist. It was held that if the sale took place where the customer picked up the drugs, from the shelves, the defendants would be liable, but if the sale took place at the cash desk where the pharmacist was located, then the pharmacist would be liable (Richards, 2007). To Pete’s side the contract is executed on his part, since he has brought forward

Protein Families Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Protein Families - Coursework Example The analysis of a single gene sequence is done by establishing similarity with other known genes, determining phylogenetic trees and evolutionary relationships; identifying well-defined domains in the sequence, identifying physical properties, binding sites and modification sites comprising of the protein sequence features. For analysis of complete genomes and to determine which gene families are present in the protein and which are not present, several techniques such as location of genes on the chromosomes, correlation with function or evolution, expansion of duplication of gene families, identification of missing enzymes, and presence or absence of biochemical pathways are considered. Large scale events that have affected the evolution of organisms are also studied for genome analysis. When genes or genomes are analyzed with respect to functional data the techniques used are expression analysis, micro array data, mRNA concentration measurements, protein concentration measurements, proteomics, and covalent modifications. For analysis of gene and genomes from a functional perspective, comparative analyses of biochemical pathways are made along with deletion or mutant genotypes vs. phenotypes and identification of essential genes, or genes involved in specific processes in structure and functions of the organisms. Analysis of protein structure and functions are done with the help of computer simulations which are used as tools to investigate protein structure and dynamics under a wide variety of conditions.... When genes or genomes are analysed with respect to functional data the techniques used are expression analysis, micro array data, mRNA concentration measurements, protein concentration measurements, proteomics, and covalent modifications. For analysis of gene and genomes from a functional perspective, comparative analyses of biochemical pathways are made along with deletion or mutant genotypes vs. phenotypes and identification of essential genes, or genes involved in specific processes in structure and functions of the organisms (Lengauer, 2002). Analysis of protein structure and functions are done with the help of computer simulations which are used as tools to investigate protein structure and dynamics under a wide variety of conditions, ranging from ligand binding and enzyme-reaction mechanisms to denaturation (in which protein molecules become biologically inactive) and protein re-folding (Ponder and Case, 2003). In all these simulations, the energy of a protein is represented as a function of its atomic coordinates. These functions are known as force fields as forces on individual atoms are related to the gradient of this potential energy function (Ponder and Case, 2003). The protein force fields are represented using a simple equation that shows the potential energy function (Source, Ponder and Case, 2003) Source, Ponder and Case, 2003 The summations shown here are on bonds, torsions and angles and this equation represents the very basic potential energy function that can reproduce only the essential features of protein energy at an atomic level. According to Ponder and Case (2003), the combination of potential energy function and the other parameters constitute a force field.

The Age of Innocence | Analysis

The Age of Innocence | Analysis The Age of Innocence is the novel of Edith Whartons maturity in which she contemplates the New York of her youth, a society now extinct and even then under threat. She was born in 1862 into the exclusive, entrenched and apparently immutable world of wealthy New York families. It was a world of structured leisure, in which attendance at balls and dinners passed for occupation, in which the women devoted themselves to dress and to the maintenance of family and system and the men kept a watchful eye on the financial underpinning that made the whole process possible. It was a complacent and philistine world, but one with inflexible standards. These standards and any offences against it lies at the heart of The Age of Innocence; the sexual passion between Newland Archer, a married man, and Ellen Olenski, nonconformist and separated from her husband, threatens conventional mores and family security; the financial irregularities of Julius Beaufort require that he and his wife be ejected fro m society before they corrupt its most cherished integrities. The form of the novel allows its author to examine, with the wisdom of hindsight, a world which was in the process of breaking up when she was a girl, and which she herself rejected in any case. She wrote with the enclyclopedic knowledge of an insider with the accuracy and selective power of a fine novelist and the detachment of a highly intelligent social and historical observer. From the opening pages of the Age of Innocence, when Newland Archer attends the opera at the Academy of music in New York, we see through his eyes the stage and the cast of the book. Her selection of points of view: of the two central figures, Newland and Ellen Olenski, with whom he falls fatally in love, only Newland is allowed a voice; Ellen is always seen through his eyes and those of others, and is thus given a detachment which makes her both slightly mysterious and strengthens her role as the novels catalyst. Newland, on the other hand, by being given absolute definition of thought and action, is laid out for inspection and judgement; he has the vulnerability of exposure, while Ellen is left with privacy and silence. One is ultimately trapped by custom and circumstance, and the other a free spirit, harbinger of the future. As the novel begins, Newland is about to announce his engagement to May Welland, a conventional alliance with a beautiful girl from a suitable family. He loves her, but sees her, even at this early stage, with a clarity that is prescient: when he had gone the brief round of her he returned discouraged by the thought that all this frankness and innocence were only an artificial product. May, indeed, can be seen as embodying in her personality all the rigidity and implacable self-righteousness of the society itself A KIND OF INNOCENCE, but a dangerous and eventually self-destructive innocence. The novel falls naturally into two halves, before and after the marriage, and it is in the second half that we see the characters of the book Newland and May mature and conflict. In the first part of the book, Newland is allowed to appear as somewhat innocent himself, more sophisticated of course than his financà ©e because he is a man and has been permitted both emotional experiences (he has had a brief affair with a married woman) and an intellectual range not available at the time to a young woman, but nevertheless conditioned and relatively unquestioning. He views the New York of his birth and upbringing with a degree of affectionate impatience. He bows to the dictates of convention silver-backed brushed with his monogram in blue enamel to part his hair never appearing in society without a flower in his buttonhole and accepts a world in which people move in an atmosphere of faint implications and pale delicacies. But at the same time, he is capable of criticism and rebellion, and it is in the second half of the novel that we see this capacity fanned into active life by his feelings for Ellen Olenski and his assessment and understanding of her situation and what is that is being done to her by the tribe. Newlands TRAGEDY is that in the last resort he is unable to obey his own instincts: nurture triumphs over nature. May is a more interesting character than she immediately appears; towards the end of the novel she appears to be anything but innocent. Ellen Olenski is her cousin, returned from Europe to the family fold after the collapse of a disasterous marriage to a philandering Polish count. May, initially, has been graciously kind to her and has encouraged Newlands friendly support and advice over Ellens complex and precarious situation: should she divorce her husband? But in the months after the marriage the passion between Newland and Ellen has become apparent to May (even though they dont seem to meet very much in the novel). We never know quite how but must assume that May is more astute and observant than she has appeared. With stealthy adroitness, she moves to save her marriage and avert the threat to social tranquility the outsider cannot be allowed to strike at the heart of all that is sacrosanct and must be ejected. The family tacitly close ranks around May, and Ellen is put under subtle pressure to return to Europe. In the final scenes, Newland realizes what is happening but he is mute and helpless because there is nothing he can do about it because to protest would be to betray himself and Ellen, who is the challenge and the threat to the status quo. She fascinates the men and repels the women by her cosmopolitanism, her taste for literature and art, her cooly amused view (almost flippant attitude) of the world of her childhood: Im sure Im dead and buried, and this dear old place is heaven, she says to Newland at their first meeting, and from that moment he is doomed. From the start, it appears she has decided to have him, judging by her offhand and unconventional assumption that he will visit her. The whole situation is very ambiguous because we as the reader are not privy to her thoughts and true intentions. Ellens family stands behind her at first and as a last resort they solicit the help of the almost fossilized and aristocratic van der Leydens, to ensure her acceptance. But Ellen is fatally tainted: although Ellen is the one who is the innocent party in her failed marriage (her husband, the Count had eyes with a lot of lashes [to lash = discard his eyes roamed] and when he wasnt chasing the women he was collecting china [china plate = mates] and paying any price for both [meaning he was a philanderer with both women and men and paid them handsomely as well], she is polluted there are even unconfirmed rumors that she has consoled herself. The double standards on which that society functioned becomes most apparent here: a woman must be blameless but a blind eye is turned on male sexual indulgence. Initial sympathy eventually turns to suspicion and then to rejection as it is realized that she is not going to conform that she is no longer one of them due to her freedom of mind and of spirit that is unacceptable in a woman. Ellen emerges as the victor, escaping to the freedom of a more expansive and imaginative society. The price she pays is her relationship with Newland Archer. Newland, Ellen and May are products of their time; whatever their instincts and their inclinations, they are obliged to obey its dictation. The author singles our Sillerton Jackson and Lawrence Lefferts, authorities respectively on family and on form. The unexpected ending is neither tragic nor happy. Archer has no hinders towards being with Ellen now, but chooses to keep her as a memory like a relic in a small dim chapel. She is now significantly older and perhaps does not want to be confronted with reality. She is simply a regret of his youth. Wharton frustrates the reader with this ending, and even with Archers and Ellens frustrated love. One of the central themes in The Age of Innocence is the struggle the individual has with his/her own desires and the dictates of the moral codes and manners of the group of which one belongs. Several times, both Archer and Ellen are expected to sacrifice their own desires for what the family and societal desires and expectations. A profound sense of irony is experienced in reading The Age of Innocence. The hypocrisy demonstrated by so many characters in the book, not least by the character of society, leads one to believe that Wharton must have had a facetious undertone when giving the title of the book. Also, Whartons style, with so many details that have meaning, such as the raised eyebrow or a meaningful glance, communicates that many details have crucial significance, which came well to pass in the filming of the novel as well. The problems with making a film from an existing novel are many; films can use visual images to their advantage, whereas un-illustrated books cannot. The verbal nuances in the text get lost when being translated to film. A world of meaning in a glance, carefully analyzed by Wharton in the text, gets lost in its translation to film. Details of fashion in the text go unnoticed by modern readers. Scorsese dealt with this issue by having a voice-over narrator, telling us the details about things that were necessary to comprehend the story and the various scenes in it. Summary of articles: I read the introduction to the book and I think I saw it as a background to the story but did not summarize the introduction itself. I used the information, at the back of my mind, while reading the book and taking notes. Perhaps it would have been better not to read the introduction first, but only after reading the novel itself. Pamela Knights Forms of Disembodiment: The Social Subject in the Age of Innocence There were many different subjects dealt with in this article, but the part of it which most appealed to me (and which I believe I have use for in other areas of study) was the overall psychological and anthropological analysis of the novel. The quote that sums it up: Any observation about an individual character about his or her consciousness, emotions, body, history, or language also entangles us in the collective experience of the group, expressed in the welter of trifles, the matrix of social knowledge, within and out of which Whartons subjects are composed where and how that entanglement extends is one of the novels questions. Nancy Bentley Hunting for the Real: Wharton and the Science of Manners The quote that sums this article is: The gap between reputation and reality here is provocative, for it hints at the complexity of Whartons relation to her cultural context and to the changing concept of culture itself, the subject at the heart of her fiction. And the historical turn to primitivism. This article is an analysis of Whartons style and the authors relationship to her work and her use of symbolism. Lawrence S. Friedman: The Cinema of Martin Scorsese This article discusses the irony in the novel and Scorseses interpretation of Wharton in two scenes and focuses on the frustration of unconsummated desire. Brigitte Peucker Scorseses Age of Innocence: Adaptation and Intermediality This article deals with film understood as a medium in which different representational systems specifically those of painting and writing both collide and replace one another, but are always supplemental to each other . This makes film a medium congenial to the artistic concerns of Wharton (who was not particularly positive to film), because her work is very visual and multi-layered both imaginistic and verbal. The adaptation of this work was particularly challenging because of the aspect of being multi-layered and it was difficult to translate one medium to another.

Birth And Upbringing :: essays research papers

Birth And Upbringing MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHI was born on October 2, 1869, at Porbandar, a small town on the western coast of India, which was then one of the many tiny states in Kathiawar. He was born in middle class family of Vaishya caste. His grandfather had risen to be the Dewan or Prime Minister of Porbandar and was succeeded by his son Karamchand who was the father of Mohandas. Putlibai, Mohandas's mother, was a saintly character, gentle and devout, and left a deep impress on her son's mind. Mohandas went to an elementary school in Porbandar, where he found it difficult to master the multiplication tables. "My intellect must have been sluggish and my memory raw", he recalled with candour many years later. He was seven when his family moved to Rajkot, another state in Kathiawar, where his father became Dewan. There he attended a primary school and later joined a high school. Though conscientious he was a "mediocre student" and was excessively shy and timid. While his school record gave no indication of his future greatness, there was one incident which was significant. A British school inspector came to examine the boys and set a spelling test. Mohandas made a mistake which the class teacher noticed. The latter motioned to him to copy the correct spelling from his neighbour's slate. Mohandas refused to take the hint and was later chided for his "stupidity". We can also discover in the little boy a hint of that passion for reforming others which later became so dominant a trait of the Mahatma, though in this case the zeal almost led him astray. Impelled by a desire to reform a friend of his elder brother's, one Sheikh Mehtab, he cultivated his company and imbibed habits which he had to regret later. This friend convinced him that the British could rule India because they lived on meat which gave them the necessary strength. So Mohandas who came on orthodox vegetarian family took to tasting meat clandestinely, for patriotic reasons. But apart from the inherited vegetarian sentiment which made him feel, after he had once swallowed a piece, as if "a live goat were bleating inside me", he had to wrestle with the knowledge that such clandestine repasts would have to be hidden from his parents which would entail falsehood on his part. This he was reluctant to do. And so after a few such experiments he gave up the idea, consoling hims elf with the reflection : "When they are no more and I have found my freedom, I will eat meat openly.

Children and Young Persons Development Essay

In the ECM agenda and Childcare Act 2006 it became an entitlement that all 3 and 4 year olds in England have free part time early years education, part time being 15 hours per week and 38 weeks a year. The government will pay funding to local authorities so that this part time education can happen. However should a parent want to their child to do any extra hours in the early years education they will have to pay for the extra hours that they do. In early year provision Child initiated play is encouraged when supporting very young children, this is not in the place of a formal education but works well alongside one. It allows the young children to play with their peers and `learn through play`. It’s been found that this type of learning is very important in young children The early years foundation stage is a framework for learning and development for children from birth to when they leave reception. Foundation stage take place when children are ages between 3 and 5 years old this includes children that are in nursery and reception in schools. This stage will be continued throughout their first autumn term when the children move into year 1. This is done make transition from nursery to school easier for the child. The different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance There are four mainstream state school types meaning that they are funded by the local authorities, these schools have to follow the national curriculum. The four types of mainstream state schools are: †¢Community schools,run and owned by the local authority. They support the school by providing support services and developing links with the community. Foundation schools or trust schools are run by their own governing body and form a charitable trust with an outside partner where they have to buy in any support services. †¢Specialist schools tend to be secondary where they specialised in a particular subject. A large percentage of secondary schools in England have specialist status having this gains them additional government funding. †¢Voluntary schools are split into two: -Voluntary aided schools are mainly religious or faith schools and are run by their own governing body however the buildings are normally owned by religious groups. Voluntary controlled schools are run and funded by the local authority however the building is again owned by a charity or religious organisation. There are two types of schools which are not funded by local authorities. These types of schools are; †¢Independent schools – where parents pay fees which fund the school along with investments or charitable donations. They do not have to follow the national curriculum and the Head Teacher and governors decide on who gets in. †¢Academies – they are linked with the local authorities. However they have more freedom than state schools as they are not maintained by authorities.

Psychology; Drug Addiction Essays

Psychology; Drug Addiction Essays Psychology; Drug Addiction Essay Psychology; Drug Addiction Essay Psychology; Drug Addiction Name: Course: Institution: Instructor: Date: Drug Addiction Most people who use and abuse drugs do so for various different reasons. Regardless of the age at which they became engaged in the practice, drug users and abusers, live in difficult lives where they are enslaved to their master, the drugs. When starting to use drugs, most individuals have the mentality that they shall easily stop without seeking treatment and that they can control it. Most of the efforts by drug users and abusers to stop, result in failure. Drug use and abuse also leaves a user with changes in the functioning of their brain and this exists long after the individual has stopped using drugs. Most drug users and abusers claim that drugs have advantages and help them in relieving themselves of their stress (Hanson, Venturelli Fleckenstein, 2008). There are several reasons that drug users give for their use and abuse of drugs. The first and major reason why drug abuse is on the increase is because drugs make the users feel good. If drugs made people very sick when they used them, they would probably not become addicts. Drugs make people feel very good. Drugs like cocaine, crystal meth and marijuana make a person feel very good and give them a state of tranquil. This is what mostly causes addiction as the people like to get the same feeling repeatedly. The drugs that most people use and abuse tare legal. This is another reason why people use and abuse drugs. Drugs like alcohol and nicotine are legal yet they have the highest percentage of addiction in the world (Maisto, Galizio Connors, 2007). Most drugs that have the highest hold on people are prescription drugs. Very many different medications exist in the world each of which is prescribed for a different reason. The reaction that these medications give to the brain of the individual makes the people addicts to the drugs. Pain medications, muscle relaxants, steroids and anti-anxiety medications are examples of drugs that are prescribed and that give the individual brain reactions that are pleasant to them. Problems are common in the life of a person. However, some people result to other ways of relieving the stress that is brought by problems instead of seeking advice from medical practitioners. They result to medicate themselves with street drugs like marijuana and alcohol. This later leads to addiction as once one uses drugs they like to get the same pleasant feeling repeatedly. Boredom is another cause of drug use and addiction. There are many instances of experimenting especially among the youth. This is brought about mostly by idleness, boredom, and the feelings of emptiness in ones life. The search for a purpose in life mostly leads them to drugs and alcohol. In mostly the young generation, the experimenting that is done with drugs mostly takes place due to the pressure they get from their friends that use drugs. This is known as peer pressure, and mostly begins in casual functions like parties and gatherings. Mostly, it continue from there and leads mostly to addiction (Maisto, Galizio Connors, 2007). Curiosity is mostly underestimated among the causes of drug use and addiction. However, it is quite a strong cause of drug addiction. This is so because curiosity has no age limit and both the young and the old get curious. The curiosity as to the effects of the drugs mostly causes many people to become frequent users and abusers. The availability of the drugs in pharmaceuticals and streets is unbelievable. Most drugs are illegal however, they are readily available on the streets and they provide booming business to drug peddlers and drug lords. The people that enjoy this availability are the users and abusers. The purchases of the drugs are made from unprofessional doctors, on-line pharmacies and through the streets and black markets (Maisto, Galizio Connors, 2007). The need to enhance the effects of drugs is another reason why people use drugs. For instance if a person uses alcohol and after some time they fail to feel its effects, they shall want to upgrade this feeling by using another stronger substance. This makes them be hooked to the other stronger substance as it gives them the desired effect. There are other reasons why use drugs like those that claim there are advantages to using them. For instance, scientists have theorized that there are advantages in the moderate consumption of alcohol. However, most drug users and abusers do not note the key word of the statement as moderate. They mistake the statement and use it as a justification for their use ad abuse of alcohol. Alcohol, if taken moderately is said to reduce the risk of getting heart disease. The moderate consumption of alcohol reduces the clogging of the arteries towards the heart and the brain and the blockage of other blood vessels. This is because alcohol is said to react t o cholesterol (Hanson, Venturelli Fleckenstein, 2009). Most people who are just starting to use drugs are very wrong when they think that they shall be able to stop without seeking any help. However, some are able to do so, most drug users and abusers are not able to stop the vice on their own. People should understand the adverse effects of long-term drug use on the brain. It should be noted that the effects of long-term drug use linger in the brain of the user long after they have stopped using. These effects include the compulsion to continue using drugs. Addiction should be understood as to have a significant biological effect on the user and this shall explain the failure by most people to abstain from the use (Abadinsky, 2010). Stress from family life, work, social influences like meeting one’s previous drug using partners and environmental issues can all cause the failure to achieve drug abstinence along with other biological factors. Active participation in treatment even for the most severely addicted people is the only way a person can achieve positive results after quitting the use and abuse of drugs. Parents should take care of their children, talk to them about the effects of the use of drugs, and discourage them from engaging themselves in the practice. The negative media publicity of drugs as being good should be curbed as many of the young people engage in drug use and abuse for the pleasure that is almost guaranteed by the media. Doctors and pharmacists should be audited and vetted carefully to avoid the spread of prescription drugs to the people. The police and crime fighting agencies should also take action against the people who sell drugs to try to reduce, and possibly stop the vice (H eymann, 2001). Reference: Abadinsky, Howard. (2010). Drug Use and Abuse: A Comprehensive Introduction. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Hanson, G., Venturelli, P. J. Fleckenstein, A. E. (2008). Drugs and Society. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Hanson, G. R., Venturelli, P. J. Fleckenstein, A. E. (2009). Student Study Guide to Accompany Drugs and Society. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Heymann, P. B. (2001). Drug addiction and drug policy: the struggle to control dependence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Maisto, S. A., Galizio, M. Connors, G. J. (2007). Drug use and Abuse. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Prashant, Saroj. (2003). Drug abuse and society. New Delhi, Delhi: APH Publishing. Stimmel, B. (2002). Alcoholism, drug addiction, and the road to recovery: life on the edge. New York, NY: Routledge.

buy custom Light Emitting Diodes essay

buy custom Light Emitting Diodes essay Introduction A light emitting diode is a semi conductor device that gives out infrared or visible light after it has been charged with an electric current. It has a wide range of uses for example in the brake lights and rear windows of vehicles, indicator lamps, full color posters, bill boards and also alphanumeric displays. They are also used as a source of light in fiber optic telecommunication; in television remote controls and autofocus cameras. This paper seeks to discuss in detail the functioning of light emitting diodes. History of Light Emitting Diodes In 1907, a British engineer and inventor H.J Round was the first to report the emission of light when he passed current through a semi conductor rectifying junction. Round used a used a contact that was in between a silicon carbide crystal and a metal wire. The John Allens group, at the Services Electronics Research Laboratory was the first to come up with first practical visible light emitting diode. The company set u a small production line in 1962. They used gallium phosphide that had controlled amounts of oxygen and zinc. Initially, this device was called crystal lamps, before it became known as light emitting diode. From 1962 into the late 1970s, the devices made of zinc and oxygen dominated the LED market (Physics and Anatomy) The General Electric Corporation was the first company to offer commercial Light Emitting Diodes. Their product gave out radiation in the red part of the spectrum. However, the company manufactured these products in low quantities as a result of the price of the product. A single light emitting diode went for 260 US Dollars. The LED was at that time offered through the Allied Radio Catalog which was widely distributed that dealt in amateur radio electronics. The mass production of LEDs came about in 1968, by the Monsanto Corporation. The company established a factory that produced low cost LEDs. Monsanto then formed a collaboration of some sort with Hewlett Packard Corporation; it was expected that Monsanto would provide the raw materials whereas Hewlett Packard would produce the LEDs. This relationship however did not last long because Hewlett Packard felt uneasy about the idea of depending on a single source for its raw materials. From the late 1960s to the mid 1970s, the greatest demand for LEDs came from calculators and then wrist watches; after the Hamilton Watch Corporation came up with the Pulsar digital watch. These two used numeric LED display. M. George Craford a manager and technical innovator at Monsanto, made huge contributions to the development of LEDs, with the most notable being the pioneering demonstration of a yellow LED (Shubert,F. pg 8-9). The Technology of LEDs In the light emitting diodes, the emission of light results when the positive hole and the negative electron, which are charge carriers, are injected into the semiconductor metallic contacts that are organic. These contacts are made on the opposite sides of the polymer films that are responsible for semi conducting. As soon as the hole and the electron come under the influence of the coulomb that they share, there is an attraction right inside the substance they recombine in thereby resulting in the emission of a photon. The emitted lights wavelength is dependent on the band gap of the semiconducting polymer. The holes and electrons are spin-1/2 particles, the resultant exciton can be a single exciton or a triplet exciton. Should the spin of the incoming charge carriers be random, then 75% triplet excitons and 25% singlet excitons will be formed. In a polymer material that has a relatively weak spin orbit coupling, the only excitons that can recombine in a radiative manner are single t excitons. This is because the ground state is a singlet state. LED is based on the principle of the injection luminescence principle. The LED is constructed of gallium arsenide phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide. Silicon and germanium are not suitable since p-n junction prduce heat and hence no visible light. The LED consists of p-n junction diode in which diffusion of potential is generated in the depletion layer between the n-type and p- type materials. The LED junction is connected in the forward biased mode. Electron move across the junction from n- type to p- type material thereby make the hole and the electron to recombine. The diffusion potential inhibits electrons and holes from leaving the n- and p regions since they enter opposite regions (Physics of Light Emitting Diodes). Applying the external forward biased voltage, V, the barrier is reduced to e(. If Vthe barrier becomes zero enabling electrons to flow from n- side to p-side. The electron injected into the depletion layer recombines with holes thereby emitting a photon energy which is given by the formula hv. LED characteristics During forward biased state, the current increases rapidly and hence there need to protect the LED to prevent it from getting destroyed. The light output is linearly proportional to the current within its active region. LED can operate at low voltages and they dont consume a lot of energy since all the energy is converted into light energy. They should not be operated at more than 40mA or 2.2V. The range of wavelengths that can be visible is from 0.4 m to 0.7m. LED symbol The symbol for an LED is as shown below. Types of LED There are four major types of LED and these are pinned LED, surface mounted LED, power LED and chip on board LED. Pinned LED is made from metal lead frame. Light emitting die is placed on the lead frame and molded around the frame forming LED. They can be diffused pinned LED that give a wide angle of light or water clear that give more directional beam. They are easy to use and easy to assemble. The surface mounted LED has the smallest body into which the light emitting die is mounted. They are fitted into Printed circuit board. They are ideal at a premium space where they offer wide view angles of light. The other type of LED is Power LED which gives high light output. They are mounted on heat conductive material (heat sink) that draws away heat from LED die to avoid damaging the LED. The chip on board type of LED uses a die bonded directly to printed circuit board or substrate that eliminates the body of an LED. The bonded die is covered in a clear protective resin which is hard to the die from being damaged. Its advantage is that it is less costly and they are small (LED lighting and signs). New types of LED Semiconductor technology has resulted into Innovation of new devices. These new device types are surface-emitting (large area) LED (SLED), micro-cavity surface emitter, edge-emitting LED (ELED)and super-luminescent diode emitter (SLD).Surface-emitting LEDs (SLEDs) are the conventional LEDs which emit light from relatively large surfaces oriented orthogonally to the axis of the emission pattern. Micro-cavity surface emitters are SLEDs with an internal mirror and layer thicknesses closely fitted to act as a low-finesse Fabry-Perot cavity and they do not show optical gain. The cavity is added to reduce the optical line width as well as the emission half-angle because a layer thickness forming the cavity reduces emission efficiency at larger angles Edge-emitting LEDs have a device structure similar to that of the ridge wave guide laser but it does not have sufficient gain to lase. Typical dimensions of the emitting stripe are 3 3 100 m and it has active region hundreds of microns long. The energy density is concentrated in the long active region making it to achieve high radiances at the emitting facet thus; it becomes much easier to launch the light into an optical fiber. The emitting geometry for this device is different from the SLED. Super-luminescent edge emitters are similar to edge emitting LEDs, but they have wider central portion of the cavity than the emitting facet to allow more photons generated within the device reach the emitting facet than for a uniform cross-section, standard edge emitter, hence increases the emmitted radiance (ICNIRP). Considerations for use LED specifications applicable to safety Radiance (brightness) is conserved and it cannot be increased by optical lensing and manufacturers specification sheet for an LED which is expressed as either radiance or luminance is not given. The radiant intensity is always specified. When the apparent source size is known, then LED radiance can be calculated. The actual source size is applicable in cases where no lens is incorporated, magnified and that apparent source size must be used all hazard assessment. Exposure guidelines for eye safety Occupational and public health exposure limits and guidelines state that LEDs should be treated as incoherent optical sources where different hazards are assessed severally over a range of wavelengths. Incoherent-source limits are more applicable to certain types of LEDs than others. Conventional, surface-emitting LEDs are radiance limited and many eye injuries have not been documented for LEDs. Laboratory efforts to create ocular injury with high-power LEDs have been unsuccessful while laboratory studies using diode lasers produced retinal injury. Applications LED Displays Many businesses use LED lighting on their signs. Hey are also used in gas stations especially where the prices of gas are displayed, this gives the owner to change prices easily unlike in the old manual way. LED Flashlights Flashlights made of LED can be as little as key chains to high powered lanterns that are big in size. They are also used for traffic safety especially where roads are under construction where they are used to steer traffic away. LED Lights for the Home The use of LED lights is gaining popularity day after day especially for their use at home. It is increasingly being seen as a substitute to florescent lighting. They can be used as 121 volt DC light bulbs, flood lights, motion detecting lights among others. Led is also used in making toys and accessories such as glow sticks and it can also be used to light up jewelry for example necklaces, hair accessories, rings and bracelets. They are also used in making Christmas lights (Quinn,Lydia.). Advantages and disadvantages of LEDs Light emitting diodes are very efficient; they do not use a lot of electricity hence they are economical. The light emitted by an LED bulb is regarded to be a cool light therefore; one gets more light per watt as compared to an incandescent bulb. LED lights come in a wide range of sizes; they can be as small as 2mm or even less, unlike incandescent bulbs. They can therefore be used in instances where a regular bulb cannot be used. These bulbs also come in a range of colors without necessarily requiring filters so as to produce these colors. LED can come in almost any color one could think of; the color depends on the material of the semiconductor and is therefore easier to come up with different colors. LED lights have the ability to achieve their optimum level of brightness in a few micro seconds, in other words, they have a more efficient on/off time. Light emitting diodes last longer than incandescent bulbs. One can therefore get value for his money because of their lifetime. They also last longer and manage better for cycling; they dont burn out that quickly and they are therefore economical (ledlights.org) The main disadvantage of LEDs is their high cost. They are expensive on the basis of start up costs. These costs can be attributed to the low lumen output and power supplies that may be needed (ledlights.org) Conclusion Although the LEDs are expensive to use for the lighting applications because they are manufactured using the advanced semiconductor materials, they are the most cost effective lighting option in many situations. For instance, their long run lower costs make them better as compared to other light sources and they will play bigger role in the technology sector. Buy custom Light Emitting Diodes essay

BA 200 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BA 200 - Essay Example The application of a comprehensive school reform in culturally and linguistically diverse school, for instance, is â€Å"both a rewarding and challenging enterprise† (Datnow, Borman, Stringfield, Overman, and Castellano 162). It is concluded that learning and student experience becomes more enriched through these programs. While CSUB implements policies that  prevent discrimination against gender, racial, and religious minorities, it lacks programs that promote and support the needs of minority students. University organizations, programs, and activities usually cater to the needs of the dominant majority of white, heterosexual students. Minority students are left with the choice of joining these groups and participating in their activities. This lack of choice in  organizations and activities tend to limit students' freedom. In a study of policy changes by D’Augelli, he states that â€Å"lesbians and gay men on campus were empowered† (126). It is, therefore, encouraged to establish organizations and promote activities that will benefit minority students. Different initiatives can be enacted to encourage students exercise their freedom within the premises of the university. First, a public space can be devoted to students where they can write the things they like and dislike  about the university.

ELL Concepts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ELL Concepts - Research Paper Example The notion of â€Å"providing practice† is generally defined as the praxis of supplying practice-based items so that learners have â€Å"multiple opportunities† (Lanin-Thompson & Vaughn, 2007). A guided practice includes the finding of, or comprehending, the subtle distinction of the words â€Å"downpour,† â€Å"drizzle,† and â€Å"sprinkle,† which according to Lanin-Thompson & Vaughn are different descriptions of the fall of precipitation. Since the characteristic of explicit skill instruction is routine or repetitive, English Language Learners are gradually able to acquire these words. Giving this kind of learners an ample time for them to practice is undoubtedly empirical. Muniz-Swicegood argues that students who received explicit skill instruction and guided practice â€Å"can then practice the skills and strategies they have learned† (as cited in Lanin-Thompson & Vaughn). This practice could be done substantially through group discussion or interaction. Such strategy certainly increases the interaction among English Language Learners. Question 2 The basic stages of second language acquisition have great implication both to the teacher’s pedagogy and to the L2 student.

My Life Stage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My Life Stage - Essay Example Personally, as a student of 21 years and in a foreign country, can be considered to be in this phase following migration to a new country that is away from home and following attempts to take a job away from their parents. The above shows my attempts, according to Levinson, to establish independence away from my parents and away from my comfort zone, in which emotional, attitudinal, and physical attachment as new relationships are established. As a student studying abroad, this phase is evident as parents and all familial ties are left in the mother nation as one seeks independence a classic application in real life. In addition, Levinson talks of the transitional stage, where one makes choices in his or her own life that may alter their means of living although not drastically. This is considered a transition as one makes choices for himself aside from parental decisions that have been made since childhood. As a foreign student, am left me in a position to make crucial life-changing decisions for myself as opposed to living with the parents, who tend to make all the important decisions. In conclusion, as a 21-year-old student my life clearly illustrates the Levinson model quite well due to severance of dependency and attachment on familial basis, as well as decision-making. As a result, the Levinson perspective evidences one as a young adult in the transitional phase from dependence to

Time Warner Beta Essay Example for Free

Time Warner Beta Essay Introduction – Definition of Beta Beta, which is represented by the Greek symbol, is also denoted as the Beta Coefficient and is identified as the slope of the linear regression of the portfolio in which within a specific period or point served as benchmark. (Risk Management,) Beta is the assessment of the market risk or ‘volatility’ of the stock. With this, it may help investors to make the right decisions when investing stocks because of some fluctuations in price of the stocks. (Beta: Gauging Price Fluctuations, July 29, 2005) Volatility which is the measure of the uncertainty or risks accompanied in investing due to fluctuation of the prices is determined its relativity by approximating its Beta. Volatility is associated with security’s value which means that when the investment is said to having a higher volatility, there is a bigger potential of security’s value for expansion over a larger range. Thus implying that within a shorter period of time, price of the security can vary significantly. On the contrary, a lower volatility insinuates that the fluctuation in security’s value is unnoticeable; however there are small alterations of the value within a stable range of time. (Volatility,) With that, Beta being the measurement of volatility, it offers meaningful significance to the market risk compared to the greater market. Furthermore, Beta is used for comparison along with the other stock, estimating the overall volatility of the return of the security in contradiction of the return in the market. Computation of Beta ÃŽ ²   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In investment and finance, Beta is the connection or the coefficient of a portfolio or an individual stock in contrast to the market all together. So as to compute for the beta, the regression analysis is used. The Beta of an asset is calculated using the formula: where in, ra is the gauge of yield profit of the asset; and rp is the evaluation of the rate of the yield profit of the portfolio of which the asset is a component. (Beta Coefficient,) Furthermore, the cost equity of a company can be projected using the Capital Asset Pricing Model in which the operation of equity beta of the company and again, equity beta is the operation of both the weight and asset risk. This is calculated using the formula: where in, KE is the cost of equity of the company, RF is the rate of return on a risk free investment also known as the risk-free rate, RM is the market portfolio return, and ÃŽ ²E is the equity beta which is computed: which is derived from this formula: , and the formula of a Firm Value (V) Firm Value (V) = Debt Value (D) + Equity Value (E)(Beta Coefficient,)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Applying this entire concept in chosen business which is the Time Warner, the world’s largest media company, had beta of greater than 1 which indicates that the price of security will be more volatile than the market. This means that the investors accept the additional risk accompanied to attain the possibility of more rewards. The Time Warner had a fixed exchange rate during their merger with the AOL. The conditions contain include the 1.5 shares of AOL Time Warner would be given to the Time Warner for each share their stock and America Online shareholders will get one share of AOL Time Warner stock for every share of stocks that the America Online owns.(Dignan, 10 Jan 2000 ) Using the Charts in Beta, investors could observe the fluctuations and changes in the charts, its opening, closing prices and the high and low points in a specific period of time (Time Warner Inc.,). References Beta Coefficient [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 23, 2007 from http://www.answers.com/Beta. Beta: Gauging Price Fluctuations [Electronic (July 29, 2005). Version]. Retrieved May 23, 2007 from http://www.investopedia.com/articles/01/102401.asp. Dignan, L. (10 Jan 2000 ). AOL, Time Warner tout broadband future, synergy [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 23, 2007 from http://news.zdnet.co.uk/itmanagement/0,1000000308,2076198,00.htm. Risk Management [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 22, 2007 from http://www.tradetrek.com/Education/risk_management.asp. Time Warner Inc. [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 24, 2007 from http://finance.yahoo.com/charts#chart1:symbol=twx;range=1d;indicator=volume;charttype=line;crosshair=on;logscale=on;source=undefined. Volatility [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 23, 2007 from http://www.answers.com/volatility.

Strategies Learner Used Facilitate Learning In Workplace

Strategies Learner Used Facilitate Learning In Workplace The aim of this assignment is to reflect on and analyse, strategies used to facilitate learning with a newly qualified member of staff in the authors working environment. The new member of staff will be referred to as the student during this assignment. This paper will show how one particular teaching session relates to theories of learning. Reflection has been defined by Taylor ( 2000 ) as : The throwing back of thoughts and memories, in cognitive acts such as thinking, contemplation, meditation and any other form of attentive consideration, in order to make sense of them, and so make contextually appropriate changes if the required. However, the definitions from Boyd Fales ( 1983 ) and Dewey ( 1996 ), who considers that it is purposeful activity in thinking about an experience, through which learning takes place. Boyd and Fales focus more on self development. Here reflection does not only add to our knowledge but challenges the concepts and theories we hold. Furthermore as a result we dont see more, we see differently. The reflective process is at least to some degree conscious, but may not be verbalized. The author also, believes and agrees with John (2004), that reflection are often triggered by feelings and greatly influences decision making. This emphasises the importance of reflection in practice. The English National Board (ENB) and the Department of Health (DOH) 2001 defined a mentor as: denoting the role of the nurse, midwife or health visitor who facilitates learning and supervises and assesses students in practice setting would seem to be the most appropriate one to use. DOH (2001) identified that mentors need to possess a wide range of skills and to undergo a more robust preparation in order to equip students for their working life in todays modernised, demanding National Health Services (NHS). Although this is the definition that illustrate the entirety of the mentoring role. The author feels this definition gives a somewhat very cold and clinical approach to being a mentor and prefers the following definition by Morton-Cooper and Palmer (2000) who states A mentor is someone who provides an enabling relationship that facilitates anothers personal growth towards competent practice and high standard making the learning experience an enjoyable and mentally fulfilling. Thi s definition encompasses the emotional and personal part of the relationship, whether positive or negative, which the author feels is of utmost importance for a beneficial learning experience for both the learner and the mentor. In ICU, all new members of staff must have completed four weeks of supernumerary period to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to safely look after a critically ill patient. In planning to teach my student, The author need to accomplish three important aims as discussed by Wong et al, 1998; Conway and McMillan, 2000; (Cited in Jackson and Mannix 2001 p270), Provide student with the opportunity to develop their clinical skills; Integrate theory and practice; and, Assist their socialization into nursing. Prior to undertaking teaching of the student, the author ensured that the student had set a realistic goals and clear learning objectives and also, encouraged to question things that was not clear or difficult to understand. After much consideration based on the students learning needs, it was reciprocally agreed that the skill of zeroing of CVP and Arterial line would be one of the essential skills taught in ICU. The learner expressed the need to learn this particular skills, a nd Rogers (1996) views that learning is accomplished when a person feel a need, makes effort to meet that need, and feels satisfaction with the result of his effort. The student appeared keen to learn, and Hinchcliff (2001), views motivation as the major factor that encourages students to learn, and Oliver and Endersby (1994), sees motivation as one of the most basic conditions for learning. Motivation is heavily influenced by need, and Gross (2005) believes that how the motives underpinning behaviour are interpreted, depend upon the position of the work of a theorist or psychologist. Maslow (1970), while theorising human need, recognised that only when the needs lower down in the hierarchy are satisfied, the higher need will be met. The Intensive Care Unit is often very busy and stressful, and within the role of educator the author was very aware that the learner needed time away from the unit to unwind, as she could be very easily become over tired. On reflection this connects with the evaluation process of Gibbs reflective cycle, in ascertaining what was good about the experience. The Intensive Care Unit has its own coffee lounge away from the unit where tea and coffee is provided. Frequent breaks, comfortable chairs, a television, and availability of refreshments are what Rogers, (cited in Downie 2003) views as necessary for providing human comfort and resulting in meeting physiological needs. Maslows theory made a significant contribution of humanist thinking and the self actualization. The learning outcomes developed from our discussion were for the student to; Increase knowledge of zeroing CVP/Arterial Lines; Prepare resources and equipment correctly with minimal prompting or assistance; Carrying out the procedure using aseptic technique, efficiently and record the nursing procedure in the care plan or patient record. In order to do this, the author needed to look at the nature of the learning process. It is therefore crucial when setting out to undertake a mentoring role that there is an understanding of the way the adults learn. Learning can be defined formally as the act, process, or experience of gaining knowledge or skills (Conner, 1997). Facilitation of learning is defined by the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) as a well-planned learning opportunity with the provision to coach and support students (RCN, 2002). This is supported by the Department of Health (DOH), which adds that facilitation of learning allows students to develop opportunities to identify experiences that meet their learning needs (DOH, 2001). Facilitation of adult learning is described by Banning (Cited on Warren 2010) as the ideas and theories that are accredited to prior experiences which need to be complemented by interaction and adult-orientated strategies. A successful mentor is able to transform previous experiences via experimental learning, enabling the student to make sense and learn from the experiences gained. However, facilitating student learning is not always easy in practice. Garrison et al (2004) remind us that while teaching the nursing leaders of the future, we do so in chaotic setting which is, in effect, an unhelpful learning environment. More recently, Swinny and Brady (2010) found that, on a ward setting, mentors have difficulty finding time to teach because of the busy and demanding nature of clinical environment. The premise that a student must have the desire to learn in order that learning that can take place seems obvious, but there are many elements of learning that can affect the desire to learn (Hinhcliff, 2001). Motivation is a major factor that manages students to further their knowledge. (Hinhcliff, 2001), and (Oliver and Endersby, 1994) support this view by believing motivation to be, one of the most basic conditions for learning to take place. An understanding of some theories is helpful to a mentor as it provides them with an opportunity to examine their own beliefs and assumptions about people, knowledge, motivation, environment, assessment and other factors necessary with learning (Nicklin and Kenworthy, 2000). Learning help us move from novice to expert and allow us to gain new knowledge and ability. (Benner, 1984). These theories provide framework for studying the processes associated with learning. Learning theories of behaviourism, cognitivism and humanism have attempted to provide explanation about learning that apply to people in general. In order to see the full potential in learning, knowledge of such theories is crucial to the success of the individual learner. Behaviourism argue that nearly all behaviour is learned. It is based on what is refered to as stimulus /response learning and originates with the russian psychologist, Pavlovs work with the dogs whereby he linked one stimulus meat powder to a second st imulus, the sound of a bell. This produced a salivation response and ultimately the dogs would salivate at the sound of the bell even in the absence of the meat powder. This experimentation produced Pavlovs theory of Classical Conditioning (McKenna 1995). The social learning theory developed by Albert Bandura could be useful within the affective areas of nursing in as much as the mentor behaves in ways he wants the learner to imitate, as a role modelling (Knowles, 1990). He stressed the importance of modelling other behaviours, which is known as observational learning (cited by Bahn, 2001). Because it encompasses attention, memory and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioural frameworks. Humanism developed during the 1950s and 1960s as an alternative to psychoanalysis and behaviourism, movements which until then dominated psychology. This perspective emphasises the importance of self. It advocates student centred learning related to each ones own unique experiences, Teachers are seen as facilitators of learning, rather than the expert handing down knowledge and understanding (Quinn, 2000). A day was planned in advance when the teaching would take place. The author had met on several occasions with the student therefore an introduction had been made. The author felt that effective communication is essential to facilitate learning, therefore adapted a friendly and approachable manner. This view is supported by McKimm, J. (2007) who believes the learner is able to express their views and make errors when a sociable atmosphere is set and maintained. McKimm, J. (2007) also discusses the concept of teaching by humiliation and the author is very aware from past experience, of the negative effect of power relations, and so becoming more sensitive to the needs of the student. As a good example, the student had seen the procedure of zeroing the CVP line, carried out previously as a part of the daily routine with the mentor/author but had neither performed it nor understood the relevance of it. i i