Paradise Lost Essays - Christian Poetry, Epic Poets, Epic Poetry

Paradise Lost Paradise Lost Milton writes Paradise Lost in the tradition of a classic epic poem. All epic poems contain some common features. Milton follows this outline with great precision and style. His poem uses the guidelines of an epic poem and elaborates upon them to make his poem one of the most popular epics written. In his poem, Milton uses the key points of an epic poem when he traditionally invokes a muse to speak through him, includes great deeds of valor, long speeches, and a list of the protagonists Milton follows the tradition of epic poetry when he asks a muse to speak through him. It is clear that for Milton it is the poet's submission to the voice of his muse, to divine inspiration, which ultimately distinguishes the soaring creation of Paradise Lost from an insulting speculation of what happens in the Garden of Eden. Milton does not, however, present the hymn of a heavenly muse as his only defense against presuming too much. Through the book, he remains sensitive to the relationship between himself as poet and his center of attention. While he insists on the honest intentions of what he undertakes, he never neglects to expose the satanic aspect of his poetic posture. In this way Milton differs a slightly from a traditional epic. Instead of speaking through Milton, the muse is more of a second person that inspires Milton. Never the less, Paradise Lost still follows the outline of a customary epic poem. Another part of a traditional epic poem is that the hero must perform great deeds of valor to defeat the villain. Milton wants his readers to be forced to face the problem of Satan seeming invincible. Satan is, after all, an angel. He is a mighty angel that is removed from Heaven. In order for us to see the power of God, it is necessary that Satan also be powerful. It is important that Satan, a parody of God, is viewed as an eloquent, bold being; one that possesses superhuman strength, extraordinary martial prowess, and fortitude so that he can be a foil to show how great God is. In order for God to vanquish and control this awesome being, his characteristics must exceed the characteristics of Satan. Therefore, it emphasizes the great valor God possesses to successfully defeat Satan in their battle. One of the last characteristics that this poem demonstrates that are typical of an epic poem is the long list of the protagonists that the plot involves accompanied by long speeches by the main characters. Milton dedicates a large portion of the first book of the series to a catalogue of the fallen angels. The numbers of angels that are listed are used to give the reader the notion of being overwhelmed by the mass number of villains. He also provides extended formal speeches by the main characters. It is on the basis of the eloquence and power of those speeches that much of the personality of the characters is shown. This listing of villains and long, profound speeches verifies that this poem fits every description of an epic poem. When Milton writes Paradise Lost he uses a general outline that will categorize his poem as an epic poem. He elaborates on the general characteristics of an epic poem including the relationship between the muse and him. They are shown as two separate people with the muse as the higher being. Obviously, in spite of some adjustments and alterations, Milton undeniably uses classical epic traits. Milton builds his epic out of views of the past and uses every feature of epic poetry that can possibly be used.

Role of women in china essays

Role of women in china essays Throughout most of history women have always aimed for a recognized place in society. Women generally have had fewer legal rights and career opportunities than men. Wifehood and motherhood were regarded as women's most significant professions. Looking at the world today, many accomplishments in women's rights have occurred since the last century. In the 20th century, women in most nations have won the right to vote and have increased their educational and job opportunities. Most importantly, women have gained the accomplishment of a reevaluation of their role in society. During the early 19th century, freedom was trying to be reached across the world. Women such as Lucretia Mott and Susan B. Anthony created many organizations for equality and independence as early as 1848. Countries from across the world like United States, Argentina, Iceland, Persia, and China met to give more rights to women; yet, even with these activist groups, victory did not occur for a long time. Historically women have always been considered as inferior creatures both intellectually and physically to men. There has always been a stereotype that "a woman's place is in the home." Women were expected to be caregivers, bear and raise children, and clean and cook for the family. Because men were seen as superior to women, they would always have the final word in what was be done. Men practically owned his wife and children as he did his material However, fortunately times have changed and so has the role that women play in society. In this country, women have the ability to choice to create their own lives, own businesses, become what they've always dreamed, speak their minds, or balance a family and a career. Throughout the years women have demonstrated that if enough effort is in place, women are able to accomplish all a man can accomplish and even more. It is important to look back upon history and value the actions taken by women in the 19th and 20th...

Telecommunications and Networking Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Telecommunications and Networking - Article Example The rise of ICT and electronics brought tremendous advancement to communications technology which had grown from the ordinary Morse code, to simple telephony, and recently through visual telecommunication, and finally to the advent of wireless systems. The impact of this progress hastened the speed and the convenience of delivering and receiving valuable information with vividness and precision. Modern society has become so agile with the fast pace of life, businesses, and the need for mobile technologies has also increased. Developments cope with these needs and telecommunications became mobile with cellular pagers, cellular phones, and recently with mobile videophones. Surely telecommunications is accessible wherever you are in the world. If this technology did exist during WWII, Pearl Harbor tragedy could not have happened. The pace of development along the field of ICT and telecommunication seems so fast that new technologies emerged and changes in monthly basis. Ideas keep coming out every single day and before you know it, what is in today is pass' by the end of the semester. Take for example the emergence of wireless communication technologies. Before we know it the once popular analog mobile phones has gone so far to integrate computing and mobile internet access in just a span of three generations. That is a lot of time if you think of it but to appreciate the progress its better understood in terms of what had changed so far since the first cellular communication device was introduced. We can even trace back our discussion of the history of wireless communications from 0G or Zero generations when telephone systems was still operator assisted with very limited channels. But we have to begin our exploration from First generation (1G) to third generations (3G) of modern mobile communications, a gro wing family of wireless technology. The First Generation (1G) "The big boom in mobile phone service really began with the introduction of analog cellular service called AMPS (Analog Mobile Phone Service)" (Shepler, 2005). The first generation technologies of wireless communications are analog cellular phones. Based on record the 1G era covers the 1980s. The first mobile phone systems, called as "cellular mobile radio telephone" used analog radio signals which are transmitted via a less developed networks of repeaters such as those used by amateur radio operators.. Analog signals are continuous electrical signals that vary in time and variations follow that of the original non-electric signal to make them analogous hence the name analog (Net Tel Information Center, 2004). In analog technologies, the voice signals are transmitted via a base carrier in a form of an alternating current which frequency is changed and varied to match the original signal, amplified, then transmitted via the networks. This system is still used in some landline telephon es and radio broadcasts today. Among the first 1G systems introduced was in 1979, with Japan's Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland's Nordic Mobile Telephone (MBT) system launched in 1981, and the Total Access Communication System (TACS), deployed in the United Kingdom in 1983 (Britannica Online, 2008). The Second Generation (2G) The birth of digital

Law of Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Law of Contract - Essay Example In all this, the intention of enforcing agreements through contracts is to boost commercial relations, since commerce generally involves individuals or personal interaction; and the obligation imposed by a contract is, in general, created by the parties themselves. This makes one accountable for his/her promises, and ensures that they deliver such promise within the ambit of law (Richards, 2007). As it stands, Pete on putting on his website that it is â€Å"The shop that never sleeps† is intended to create the picture of an operating system whereby all customers’ needs are acted on promptly with zeal. In the face of law, this will not be taken to be a twenty four hour business, but within the working hours, it operates with an efficiency that will guarantee customers satisfaction. Any service below this mark can prompt the customer to seek legal action (Stone, 2009). On the same note, Pete put on his website that he has four tickets for Dob Bylan concert at a total pric e of â‚ ¬100 for each ticket. He goes further to say that the tickets will be sold to the first person placing an order with him. This amounts to an offer, to anyone who has â‚ ¬100 per ticket to buy. It puts Mr. ... The person making the offer in this case is known as the offeror whereas the one who has been addressed to is called offeree. Mr. Pete has made an express offer since he has specifically made his intentions known to the offeree(s) through writing (MacLntyre, 2010). An offer is very different from an invitation to treat. An invitation to treat can be termed as a mere invitation to make an offer and no contract can result from it alone. A good example is afforded by the display of goods in a shop or supermarket. From all the decided case so far, the display of goods only amounts to invitation treat, not an offer. The offer is made at the point whereby the prospective buyer approaches the shop attendant or cashier, by picking up the goods and expressing the desire to buy those (Stone, 2009). Here, is a case to explain this: Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain V. Boots (1953). The defendant has self service store in which certain listed drugs were displayed on shelves. It was illegal to sell such drugs unless the sale was under the supervision of a registered pharmacist. A customer selected some of those drugs from the shelves. The defendants had placed a registered pharmacist on duty at the cash desk near the exit, not at the shelves. The defendants were charged with the offence of listing drugs without supervision of a registered pharmacist. It was held that if the sale took place where the customer picked up the drugs, from the shelves, the defendants would be liable, but if the sale took place at the cash desk where the pharmacist was located, then the pharmacist would be liable (Richards, 2007). To Pete’s side the contract is executed on his part, since he has brought forward

Protein Families Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Protein Families - Coursework Example The analysis of a single gene sequence is done by establishing similarity with other known genes, determining phylogenetic trees and evolutionary relationships; identifying well-defined domains in the sequence, identifying physical properties, binding sites and modification sites comprising of the protein sequence features. For analysis of complete genomes and to determine which gene families are present in the protein and which are not present, several techniques such as location of genes on the chromosomes, correlation with function or evolution, expansion of duplication of gene families, identification of missing enzymes, and presence or absence of biochemical pathways are considered. Large scale events that have affected the evolution of organisms are also studied for genome analysis. When genes or genomes are analyzed with respect to functional data the techniques used are expression analysis, micro array data, mRNA concentration measurements, protein concentration measurements, proteomics, and covalent modifications. For analysis of gene and genomes from a functional perspective, comparative analyses of biochemical pathways are made along with deletion or mutant genotypes vs. phenotypes and identification of essential genes, or genes involved in specific processes in structure and functions of the organisms. Analysis of protein structure and functions are done with the help of computer simulations which are used as tools to investigate protein structure and dynamics under a wide variety of conditions.... When genes or genomes are analysed with respect to functional data the techniques used are expression analysis, micro array data, mRNA concentration measurements, protein concentration measurements, proteomics, and covalent modifications. For analysis of gene and genomes from a functional perspective, comparative analyses of biochemical pathways are made along with deletion or mutant genotypes vs. phenotypes and identification of essential genes, or genes involved in specific processes in structure and functions of the organisms (Lengauer, 2002). Analysis of protein structure and functions are done with the help of computer simulations which are used as tools to investigate protein structure and dynamics under a wide variety of conditions, ranging from ligand binding and enzyme-reaction mechanisms to denaturation (in which protein molecules become biologically inactive) and protein re-folding (Ponder and Case, 2003). In all these simulations, the energy of a protein is represented as a function of its atomic coordinates. These functions are known as force fields as forces on individual atoms are related to the gradient of this potential energy function (Ponder and Case, 2003). The protein force fields are represented using a simple equation that shows the potential energy function (Source, Ponder and Case, 2003) Source, Ponder and Case, 2003 The summations shown here are on bonds, torsions and angles and this equation represents the very basic potential energy function that can reproduce only the essential features of protein energy at an atomic level. According to Ponder and Case (2003), the combination of potential energy function and the other parameters constitute a force field.

The Age of Innocence | Analysis

The Age of Innocence | Analysis The Age of Innocence is the novel of Edith Whartons maturity in which she contemplates the New York of her youth, a society now extinct and even then under threat. She was born in 1862 into the exclusive, entrenched and apparently immutable world of wealthy New York families. It was a world of structured leisure, in which attendance at balls and dinners passed for occupation, in which the women devoted themselves to dress and to the maintenance of family and system and the men kept a watchful eye on the financial underpinning that made the whole process possible. It was a complacent and philistine world, but one with inflexible standards. These standards and any offences against it lies at the heart of The Age of Innocence; the sexual passion between Newland Archer, a married man, and Ellen Olenski, nonconformist and separated from her husband, threatens conventional mores and family security; the financial irregularities of Julius Beaufort require that he and his wife be ejected fro m society before they corrupt its most cherished integrities. The form of the novel allows its author to examine, with the wisdom of hindsight, a world which was in the process of breaking up when she was a girl, and which she herself rejected in any case. She wrote with the enclyclopedic knowledge of an insider with the accuracy and selective power of a fine novelist and the detachment of a highly intelligent social and historical observer. From the opening pages of the Age of Innocence, when Newland Archer attends the opera at the Academy of music in New York, we see through his eyes the stage and the cast of the book. Her selection of points of view: of the two central figures, Newland and Ellen Olenski, with whom he falls fatally in love, only Newland is allowed a voice; Ellen is always seen through his eyes and those of others, and is thus given a detachment which makes her both slightly mysterious and strengthens her role as the novels catalyst. Newland, on the other hand, by being given absolute definition of thought and action, is laid out for inspection and judgement; he has the vulnerability of exposure, while Ellen is left with privacy and silence. One is ultimately trapped by custom and circumstance, and the other a free spirit, harbinger of the future. As the novel begins, Newland is about to announce his engagement to May Welland, a conventional alliance with a beautiful girl from a suitable family. He loves her, but sees her, even at this early stage, with a clarity that is prescient: when he had gone the brief round of her he returned discouraged by the thought that all this frankness and innocence were only an artificial product. May, indeed, can be seen as embodying in her personality all the rigidity and implacable self-righteousness of the society itself A KIND OF INNOCENCE, but a dangerous and eventually self-destructive innocence. The novel falls naturally into two halves, before and after the marriage, and it is in the second half that we see the characters of the book Newland and May mature and conflict. In the first part of the book, Newland is allowed to appear as somewhat innocent himself, more sophisticated of course than his financà ©e because he is a man and has been permitted both emotional experiences (he has had a brief affair with a married woman) and an intellectual range not available at the time to a young woman, but nevertheless conditioned and relatively unquestioning. He views the New York of his birth and upbringing with a degree of affectionate impatience. He bows to the dictates of convention silver-backed brushed with his monogram in blue enamel to part his hair never appearing in society without a flower in his buttonhole and accepts a world in which people move in an atmosphere of faint implications and pale delicacies. But at the same time, he is capable of criticism and rebellion, and it is in the second half of the novel that we see this capacity fanned into active life by his feelings for Ellen Olenski and his assessment and understanding of her situation and what is that is being done to her by the tribe. Newlands TRAGEDY is that in the last resort he is unable to obey his own instincts: nurture triumphs over nature. May is a more interesting character than she immediately appears; towards the end of the novel she appears to be anything but innocent. Ellen Olenski is her cousin, returned from Europe to the family fold after the collapse of a disasterous marriage to a philandering Polish count. May, initially, has been graciously kind to her and has encouraged Newlands friendly support and advice over Ellens complex and precarious situation: should she divorce her husband? But in the months after the marriage the passion between Newland and Ellen has become apparent to May (even though they dont seem to meet very much in the novel). We never know quite how but must assume that May is more astute and observant than she has appeared. With stealthy adroitness, she moves to save her marriage and avert the threat to social tranquility the outsider cannot be allowed to strike at the heart of all that is sacrosanct and must be ejected. The family tacitly close ranks around May, and Ellen is put under subtle pressure to return to Europe. In the final scenes, Newland realizes what is happening but he is mute and helpless because there is nothing he can do about it because to protest would be to betray himself and Ellen, who is the challenge and the threat to the status quo. She fascinates the men and repels the women by her cosmopolitanism, her taste for literature and art, her cooly amused view (almost flippant attitude) of the world of her childhood: Im sure Im dead and buried, and this dear old place is heaven, she says to Newland at their first meeting, and from that moment he is doomed. From the start, it appears she has decided to have him, judging by her offhand and unconventional assumption that he will visit her. The whole situation is very ambiguous because we as the reader are not privy to her thoughts and true intentions. Ellens family stands behind her at first and as a last resort they solicit the help of the almost fossilized and aristocratic van der Leydens, to ensure her acceptance. But Ellen is fatally tainted: although Ellen is the one who is the innocent party in her failed marriage (her husband, the Count had eyes with a lot of lashes [to lash = discard his eyes roamed] and when he wasnt chasing the women he was collecting china [china plate = mates] and paying any price for both [meaning he was a philanderer with both women and men and paid them handsomely as well], she is polluted there are even unconfirmed rumors that she has consoled herself. The double standards on which that society functioned becomes most apparent here: a woman must be blameless but a blind eye is turned on male sexual indulgence. Initial sympathy eventually turns to suspicion and then to rejection as it is realized that she is not going to conform that she is no longer one of them due to her freedom of mind and of spirit that is unacceptable in a woman. Ellen emerges as the victor, escaping to the freedom of a more expansive and imaginative society. The price she pays is her relationship with Newland Archer. Newland, Ellen and May are products of their time; whatever their instincts and their inclinations, they are obliged to obey its dictation. The author singles our Sillerton Jackson and Lawrence Lefferts, authorities respectively on family and on form. The unexpected ending is neither tragic nor happy. Archer has no hinders towards being with Ellen now, but chooses to keep her as a memory like a relic in a small dim chapel. She is now significantly older and perhaps does not want to be confronted with reality. She is simply a regret of his youth. Wharton frustrates the reader with this ending, and even with Archers and Ellens frustrated love. One of the central themes in The Age of Innocence is the struggle the individual has with his/her own desires and the dictates of the moral codes and manners of the group of which one belongs. Several times, both Archer and Ellen are expected to sacrifice their own desires for what the family and societal desires and expectations. A profound sense of irony is experienced in reading The Age of Innocence. The hypocrisy demonstrated by so many characters in the book, not least by the character of society, leads one to believe that Wharton must have had a facetious undertone when giving the title of the book. Also, Whartons style, with so many details that have meaning, such as the raised eyebrow or a meaningful glance, communicates that many details have crucial significance, which came well to pass in the filming of the novel as well. The problems with making a film from an existing novel are many; films can use visual images to their advantage, whereas un-illustrated books cannot. The verbal nuances in the text get lost when being translated to film. A world of meaning in a glance, carefully analyzed by Wharton in the text, gets lost in its translation to film. Details of fashion in the text go unnoticed by modern readers. Scorsese dealt with this issue by having a voice-over narrator, telling us the details about things that were necessary to comprehend the story and the various scenes in it. Summary of articles: I read the introduction to the book and I think I saw it as a background to the story but did not summarize the introduction itself. I used the information, at the back of my mind, while reading the book and taking notes. Perhaps it would have been better not to read the introduction first, but only after reading the novel itself. Pamela Knights Forms of Disembodiment: The Social Subject in the Age of Innocence There were many different subjects dealt with in this article, but the part of it which most appealed to me (and which I believe I have use for in other areas of study) was the overall psychological and anthropological analysis of the novel. The quote that sums it up: Any observation about an individual character about his or her consciousness, emotions, body, history, or language also entangles us in the collective experience of the group, expressed in the welter of trifles, the matrix of social knowledge, within and out of which Whartons subjects are composed where and how that entanglement extends is one of the novels questions. Nancy Bentley Hunting for the Real: Wharton and the Science of Manners The quote that sums this article is: The gap between reputation and reality here is provocative, for it hints at the complexity of Whartons relation to her cultural context and to the changing concept of culture itself, the subject at the heart of her fiction. And the historical turn to primitivism. This article is an analysis of Whartons style and the authors relationship to her work and her use of symbolism. Lawrence S. Friedman: The Cinema of Martin Scorsese This article discusses the irony in the novel and Scorseses interpretation of Wharton in two scenes and focuses on the frustration of unconsummated desire. Brigitte Peucker Scorseses Age of Innocence: Adaptation and Intermediality This article deals with film understood as a medium in which different representational systems specifically those of painting and writing both collide and replace one another, but are always supplemental to each other . This makes film a medium congenial to the artistic concerns of Wharton (who was not particularly positive to film), because her work is very visual and multi-layered both imaginistic and verbal. The adaptation of this work was particularly challenging because of the aspect of being multi-layered and it was difficult to translate one medium to another.

Birth And Upbringing :: essays research papers

Birth And Upbringing MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND GANDHI was born on October 2, 1869, at Porbandar, a small town on the western coast of India, which was then one of the many tiny states in Kathiawar. He was born in middle class family of Vaishya caste. His grandfather had risen to be the Dewan or Prime Minister of Porbandar and was succeeded by his son Karamchand who was the father of Mohandas. Putlibai, Mohandas's mother, was a saintly character, gentle and devout, and left a deep impress on her son's mind. Mohandas went to an elementary school in Porbandar, where he found it difficult to master the multiplication tables. "My intellect must have been sluggish and my memory raw", he recalled with candour many years later. He was seven when his family moved to Rajkot, another state in Kathiawar, where his father became Dewan. There he attended a primary school and later joined a high school. Though conscientious he was a "mediocre student" and was excessively shy and timid. While his school record gave no indication of his future greatness, there was one incident which was significant. A British school inspector came to examine the boys and set a spelling test. Mohandas made a mistake which the class teacher noticed. The latter motioned to him to copy the correct spelling from his neighbour's slate. Mohandas refused to take the hint and was later chided for his "stupidity". We can also discover in the little boy a hint of that passion for reforming others which later became so dominant a trait of the Mahatma, though in this case the zeal almost led him astray. Impelled by a desire to reform a friend of his elder brother's, one Sheikh Mehtab, he cultivated his company and imbibed habits which he had to regret later. This friend convinced him that the British could rule India because they lived on meat which gave them the necessary strength. So Mohandas who came on orthodox vegetarian family took to tasting meat clandestinely, for patriotic reasons. But apart from the inherited vegetarian sentiment which made him feel, after he had once swallowed a piece, as if "a live goat were bleating inside me", he had to wrestle with the knowledge that such clandestine repasts would have to be hidden from his parents which would entail falsehood on his part. This he was reluctant to do. And so after a few such experiments he gave up the idea, consoling hims elf with the reflection : "When they are no more and I have found my freedom, I will eat meat openly.

Children and Young Persons Development Essay

In the ECM agenda and Childcare Act 2006 it became an entitlement that all 3 and 4 year olds in England have free part time early years education, part time being 15 hours per week and 38 weeks a year. The government will pay funding to local authorities so that this part time education can happen. However should a parent want to their child to do any extra hours in the early years education they will have to pay for the extra hours that they do. In early year provision Child initiated play is encouraged when supporting very young children, this is not in the place of a formal education but works well alongside one. It allows the young children to play with their peers and `learn through play`. It’s been found that this type of learning is very important in young children The early years foundation stage is a framework for learning and development for children from birth to when they leave reception. Foundation stage take place when children are ages between 3 and 5 years old this includes children that are in nursery and reception in schools. This stage will be continued throughout their first autumn term when the children move into year 1. This is done make transition from nursery to school easier for the child. The different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance There are four mainstream state school types meaning that they are funded by the local authorities, these schools have to follow the national curriculum. The four types of mainstream state schools are: †¢Community schools,run and owned by the local authority. They support the school by providing support services and developing links with the community. Foundation schools or trust schools are run by their own governing body and form a charitable trust with an outside partner where they have to buy in any support services. †¢Specialist schools tend to be secondary where they specialised in a particular subject. A large percentage of secondary schools in England have specialist status having this gains them additional government funding. †¢Voluntary schools are split into two: -Voluntary aided schools are mainly religious or faith schools and are run by their own governing body however the buildings are normally owned by religious groups. Voluntary controlled schools are run and funded by the local authority however the building is again owned by a charity or religious organisation. There are two types of schools which are not funded by local authorities. These types of schools are; †¢Independent schools – where parents pay fees which fund the school along with investments or charitable donations. They do not have to follow the national curriculum and the Head Teacher and governors decide on who gets in. †¢Academies – they are linked with the local authorities. However they have more freedom than state schools as they are not maintained by authorities.

Psychology; Drug Addiction Essays

Psychology; Drug Addiction Essays Psychology; Drug Addiction Essay Psychology; Drug Addiction Essay Psychology; Drug Addiction Name: Course: Institution: Instructor: Date: Drug Addiction Most people who use and abuse drugs do so for various different reasons. Regardless of the age at which they became engaged in the practice, drug users and abusers, live in difficult lives where they are enslaved to their master, the drugs. When starting to use drugs, most individuals have the mentality that they shall easily stop without seeking treatment and that they can control it. Most of the efforts by drug users and abusers to stop, result in failure. Drug use and abuse also leaves a user with changes in the functioning of their brain and this exists long after the individual has stopped using drugs. Most drug users and abusers claim that drugs have advantages and help them in relieving themselves of their stress (Hanson, Venturelli Fleckenstein, 2008). There are several reasons that drug users give for their use and abuse of drugs. The first and major reason why drug abuse is on the increase is because drugs make the users feel good. If drugs made people very sick when they used them, they would probably not become addicts. Drugs make people feel very good. Drugs like cocaine, crystal meth and marijuana make a person feel very good and give them a state of tranquil. This is what mostly causes addiction as the people like to get the same feeling repeatedly. The drugs that most people use and abuse tare legal. This is another reason why people use and abuse drugs. Drugs like alcohol and nicotine are legal yet they have the highest percentage of addiction in the world (Maisto, Galizio Connors, 2007). Most drugs that have the highest hold on people are prescription drugs. Very many different medications exist in the world each of which is prescribed for a different reason. The reaction that these medications give to the brain of the individual makes the people addicts to the drugs. Pain medications, muscle relaxants, steroids and anti-anxiety medications are examples of drugs that are prescribed and that give the individual brain reactions that are pleasant to them. Problems are common in the life of a person. However, some people result to other ways of relieving the stress that is brought by problems instead of seeking advice from medical practitioners. They result to medicate themselves with street drugs like marijuana and alcohol. This later leads to addiction as once one uses drugs they like to get the same pleasant feeling repeatedly. Boredom is another cause of drug use and addiction. There are many instances of experimenting especially among the youth. This is brought about mostly by idleness, boredom, and the feelings of emptiness in ones life. The search for a purpose in life mostly leads them to drugs and alcohol. In mostly the young generation, the experimenting that is done with drugs mostly takes place due to the pressure they get from their friends that use drugs. This is known as peer pressure, and mostly begins in casual functions like parties and gatherings. Mostly, it continue from there and leads mostly to addiction (Maisto, Galizio Connors, 2007). Curiosity is mostly underestimated among the causes of drug use and addiction. However, it is quite a strong cause of drug addiction. This is so because curiosity has no age limit and both the young and the old get curious. The curiosity as to the effects of the drugs mostly causes many people to become frequent users and abusers. The availability of the drugs in pharmaceuticals and streets is unbelievable. Most drugs are illegal however, they are readily available on the streets and they provide booming business to drug peddlers and drug lords. The people that enjoy this availability are the users and abusers. The purchases of the drugs are made from unprofessional doctors, on-line pharmacies and through the streets and black markets (Maisto, Galizio Connors, 2007). The need to enhance the effects of drugs is another reason why people use drugs. For instance if a person uses alcohol and after some time they fail to feel its effects, they shall want to upgrade this feeling by using another stronger substance. This makes them be hooked to the other stronger substance as it gives them the desired effect. There are other reasons why use drugs like those that claim there are advantages to using them. For instance, scientists have theorized that there are advantages in the moderate consumption of alcohol. However, most drug users and abusers do not note the key word of the statement as moderate. They mistake the statement and use it as a justification for their use ad abuse of alcohol. Alcohol, if taken moderately is said to reduce the risk of getting heart disease. The moderate consumption of alcohol reduces the clogging of the arteries towards the heart and the brain and the blockage of other blood vessels. This is because alcohol is said to react t o cholesterol (Hanson, Venturelli Fleckenstein, 2009). Most people who are just starting to use drugs are very wrong when they think that they shall be able to stop without seeking any help. However, some are able to do so, most drug users and abusers are not able to stop the vice on their own. People should understand the adverse effects of long-term drug use on the brain. It should be noted that the effects of long-term drug use linger in the brain of the user long after they have stopped using. These effects include the compulsion to continue using drugs. Addiction should be understood as to have a significant biological effect on the user and this shall explain the failure by most people to abstain from the use (Abadinsky, 2010). Stress from family life, work, social influences like meeting one’s previous drug using partners and environmental issues can all cause the failure to achieve drug abstinence along with other biological factors. Active participation in treatment even for the most severely addicted people is the only way a person can achieve positive results after quitting the use and abuse of drugs. Parents should take care of their children, talk to them about the effects of the use of drugs, and discourage them from engaging themselves in the practice. The negative media publicity of drugs as being good should be curbed as many of the young people engage in drug use and abuse for the pleasure that is almost guaranteed by the media. Doctors and pharmacists should be audited and vetted carefully to avoid the spread of prescription drugs to the people. The police and crime fighting agencies should also take action against the people who sell drugs to try to reduce, and possibly stop the vice (H eymann, 2001). Reference: Abadinsky, Howard. (2010). Drug Use and Abuse: A Comprehensive Introduction. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Hanson, G., Venturelli, P. J. Fleckenstein, A. E. (2008). Drugs and Society. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Hanson, G. R., Venturelli, P. J. Fleckenstein, A. E. (2009). Student Study Guide to Accompany Drugs and Society. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Heymann, P. B. (2001). Drug addiction and drug policy: the struggle to control dependence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Maisto, S. A., Galizio, M. Connors, G. J. (2007). Drug use and Abuse. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Prashant, Saroj. (2003). Drug abuse and society. New Delhi, Delhi: APH Publishing. Stimmel, B. (2002). Alcoholism, drug addiction, and the road to recovery: life on the edge. New York, NY: Routledge.

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buy custom Light Emitting Diodes essay Introduction A light emitting diode is a semi conductor device that gives out infrared or visible light after it has been charged with an electric current. It has a wide range of uses for example in the brake lights and rear windows of vehicles, indicator lamps, full color posters, bill boards and also alphanumeric displays. They are also used as a source of light in fiber optic telecommunication; in television remote controls and autofocus cameras. This paper seeks to discuss in detail the functioning of light emitting diodes. History of Light Emitting Diodes In 1907, a British engineer and inventor H.J Round was the first to report the emission of light when he passed current through a semi conductor rectifying junction. Round used a used a contact that was in between a silicon carbide crystal and a metal wire. The John Allens group, at the Services Electronics Research Laboratory was the first to come up with first practical visible light emitting diode. The company set u a small production line in 1962. They used gallium phosphide that had controlled amounts of oxygen and zinc. Initially, this device was called crystal lamps, before it became known as light emitting diode. From 1962 into the late 1970s, the devices made of zinc and oxygen dominated the LED market (Physics and Anatomy) The General Electric Corporation was the first company to offer commercial Light Emitting Diodes. Their product gave out radiation in the red part of the spectrum. However, the company manufactured these products in low quantities as a result of the price of the product. A single light emitting diode went for 260 US Dollars. The LED was at that time offered through the Allied Radio Catalog which was widely distributed that dealt in amateur radio electronics. The mass production of LEDs came about in 1968, by the Monsanto Corporation. The company established a factory that produced low cost LEDs. Monsanto then formed a collaboration of some sort with Hewlett Packard Corporation; it was expected that Monsanto would provide the raw materials whereas Hewlett Packard would produce the LEDs. This relationship however did not last long because Hewlett Packard felt uneasy about the idea of depending on a single source for its raw materials. From the late 1960s to the mid 1970s, the greatest demand for LEDs came from calculators and then wrist watches; after the Hamilton Watch Corporation came up with the Pulsar digital watch. These two used numeric LED display. M. George Craford a manager and technical innovator at Monsanto, made huge contributions to the development of LEDs, with the most notable being the pioneering demonstration of a yellow LED (Shubert,F. pg 8-9). The Technology of LEDs In the light emitting diodes, the emission of light results when the positive hole and the negative electron, which are charge carriers, are injected into the semiconductor metallic contacts that are organic. These contacts are made on the opposite sides of the polymer films that are responsible for semi conducting. As soon as the hole and the electron come under the influence of the coulomb that they share, there is an attraction right inside the substance they recombine in thereby resulting in the emission of a photon. The emitted lights wavelength is dependent on the band gap of the semiconducting polymer. The holes and electrons are spin-1/2 particles, the resultant exciton can be a single exciton or a triplet exciton. Should the spin of the incoming charge carriers be random, then 75% triplet excitons and 25% singlet excitons will be formed. In a polymer material that has a relatively weak spin orbit coupling, the only excitons that can recombine in a radiative manner are single t excitons. This is because the ground state is a singlet state. LED is based on the principle of the injection luminescence principle. The LED is constructed of gallium arsenide phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide. Silicon and germanium are not suitable since p-n junction prduce heat and hence no visible light. The LED consists of p-n junction diode in which diffusion of potential is generated in the depletion layer between the n-type and p- type materials. The LED junction is connected in the forward biased mode. Electron move across the junction from n- type to p- type material thereby make the hole and the electron to recombine. The diffusion potential inhibits electrons and holes from leaving the n- and p regions since they enter opposite regions (Physics of Light Emitting Diodes). Applying the external forward biased voltage, V, the barrier is reduced to e(. If Vthe barrier becomes zero enabling electrons to flow from n- side to p-side. The electron injected into the depletion layer recombines with holes thereby emitting a photon energy which is given by the formula hv. LED characteristics During forward biased state, the current increases rapidly and hence there need to protect the LED to prevent it from getting destroyed. The light output is linearly proportional to the current within its active region. LED can operate at low voltages and they dont consume a lot of energy since all the energy is converted into light energy. They should not be operated at more than 40mA or 2.2V. The range of wavelengths that can be visible is from 0.4 m to 0.7m. LED symbol The symbol for an LED is as shown below. Types of LED There are four major types of LED and these are pinned LED, surface mounted LED, power LED and chip on board LED. Pinned LED is made from metal lead frame. Light emitting die is placed on the lead frame and molded around the frame forming LED. They can be diffused pinned LED that give a wide angle of light or water clear that give more directional beam. They are easy to use and easy to assemble. The surface mounted LED has the smallest body into which the light emitting die is mounted. They are fitted into Printed circuit board. They are ideal at a premium space where they offer wide view angles of light. The other type of LED is Power LED which gives high light output. They are mounted on heat conductive material (heat sink) that draws away heat from LED die to avoid damaging the LED. The chip on board type of LED uses a die bonded directly to printed circuit board or substrate that eliminates the body of an LED. The bonded die is covered in a clear protective resin which is hard to the die from being damaged. Its advantage is that it is less costly and they are small (LED lighting and signs). New types of LED Semiconductor technology has resulted into Innovation of new devices. These new device types are surface-emitting (large area) LED (SLED), micro-cavity surface emitter, edge-emitting LED (ELED)and super-luminescent diode emitter (SLD).Surface-emitting LEDs (SLEDs) are the conventional LEDs which emit light from relatively large surfaces oriented orthogonally to the axis of the emission pattern. Micro-cavity surface emitters are SLEDs with an internal mirror and layer thicknesses closely fitted to act as a low-finesse Fabry-Perot cavity and they do not show optical gain. The cavity is added to reduce the optical line width as well as the emission half-angle because a layer thickness forming the cavity reduces emission efficiency at larger angles Edge-emitting LEDs have a device structure similar to that of the ridge wave guide laser but it does not have sufficient gain to lase. Typical dimensions of the emitting stripe are 3 3 100 m and it has active region hundreds of microns long. The energy density is concentrated in the long active region making it to achieve high radiances at the emitting facet thus; it becomes much easier to launch the light into an optical fiber. The emitting geometry for this device is different from the SLED. Super-luminescent edge emitters are similar to edge emitting LEDs, but they have wider central portion of the cavity than the emitting facet to allow more photons generated within the device reach the emitting facet than for a uniform cross-section, standard edge emitter, hence increases the emmitted radiance (ICNIRP). Considerations for use LED specifications applicable to safety Radiance (brightness) is conserved and it cannot be increased by optical lensing and manufacturers specification sheet for an LED which is expressed as either radiance or luminance is not given. The radiant intensity is always specified. When the apparent source size is known, then LED radiance can be calculated. The actual source size is applicable in cases where no lens is incorporated, magnified and that apparent source size must be used all hazard assessment. Exposure guidelines for eye safety Occupational and public health exposure limits and guidelines state that LEDs should be treated as incoherent optical sources where different hazards are assessed severally over a range of wavelengths. Incoherent-source limits are more applicable to certain types of LEDs than others. Conventional, surface-emitting LEDs are radiance limited and many eye injuries have not been documented for LEDs. Laboratory efforts to create ocular injury with high-power LEDs have been unsuccessful while laboratory studies using diode lasers produced retinal injury. Applications LED Displays Many businesses use LED lighting on their signs. Hey are also used in gas stations especially where the prices of gas are displayed, this gives the owner to change prices easily unlike in the old manual way. LED Flashlights Flashlights made of LED can be as little as key chains to high powered lanterns that are big in size. They are also used for traffic safety especially where roads are under construction where they are used to steer traffic away. LED Lights for the Home The use of LED lights is gaining popularity day after day especially for their use at home. It is increasingly being seen as a substitute to florescent lighting. They can be used as 121 volt DC light bulbs, flood lights, motion detecting lights among others. Led is also used in making toys and accessories such as glow sticks and it can also be used to light up jewelry for example necklaces, hair accessories, rings and bracelets. They are also used in making Christmas lights (Quinn,Lydia.). Advantages and disadvantages of LEDs Light emitting diodes are very efficient; they do not use a lot of electricity hence they are economical. The light emitted by an LED bulb is regarded to be a cool light therefore; one gets more light per watt as compared to an incandescent bulb. LED lights come in a wide range of sizes; they can be as small as 2mm or even less, unlike incandescent bulbs. They can therefore be used in instances where a regular bulb cannot be used. These bulbs also come in a range of colors without necessarily requiring filters so as to produce these colors. LED can come in almost any color one could think of; the color depends on the material of the semiconductor and is therefore easier to come up with different colors. LED lights have the ability to achieve their optimum level of brightness in a few micro seconds, in other words, they have a more efficient on/off time. Light emitting diodes last longer than incandescent bulbs. One can therefore get value for his money because of their lifetime. They also last longer and manage better for cycling; they dont burn out that quickly and they are therefore economical (ledlights.org) The main disadvantage of LEDs is their high cost. They are expensive on the basis of start up costs. These costs can be attributed to the low lumen output and power supplies that may be needed (ledlights.org) Conclusion Although the LEDs are expensive to use for the lighting applications because they are manufactured using the advanced semiconductor materials, they are the most cost effective lighting option in many situations. For instance, their long run lower costs make them better as compared to other light sources and they will play bigger role in the technology sector. Buy custom Light Emitting Diodes essay

BA 200 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BA 200 - Essay Example The application of a comprehensive school reform in culturally and linguistically diverse school, for instance, is â€Å"both a rewarding and challenging enterprise† (Datnow, Borman, Stringfield, Overman, and Castellano 162). It is concluded that learning and student experience becomes more enriched through these programs. While CSUB implements policies that  prevent discrimination against gender, racial, and religious minorities, it lacks programs that promote and support the needs of minority students. University organizations, programs, and activities usually cater to the needs of the dominant majority of white, heterosexual students. Minority students are left with the choice of joining these groups and participating in their activities. This lack of choice in  organizations and activities tend to limit students' freedom. In a study of policy changes by D’Augelli, he states that â€Å"lesbians and gay men on campus were empowered† (126). It is, therefore, encouraged to establish organizations and promote activities that will benefit minority students. Different initiatives can be enacted to encourage students exercise their freedom within the premises of the university. First, a public space can be devoted to students where they can write the things they like and dislike  about the university.

ELL Concepts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ELL Concepts - Research Paper Example The notion of â€Å"providing practice† is generally defined as the praxis of supplying practice-based items so that learners have â€Å"multiple opportunities† (Lanin-Thompson & Vaughn, 2007). A guided practice includes the finding of, or comprehending, the subtle distinction of the words â€Å"downpour,† â€Å"drizzle,† and â€Å"sprinkle,† which according to Lanin-Thompson & Vaughn are different descriptions of the fall of precipitation. Since the characteristic of explicit skill instruction is routine or repetitive, English Language Learners are gradually able to acquire these words. Giving this kind of learners an ample time for them to practice is undoubtedly empirical. Muniz-Swicegood argues that students who received explicit skill instruction and guided practice â€Å"can then practice the skills and strategies they have learned† (as cited in Lanin-Thompson & Vaughn). This practice could be done substantially through group discussion or interaction. Such strategy certainly increases the interaction among English Language Learners. Question 2 The basic stages of second language acquisition have great implication both to the teacher’s pedagogy and to the L2 student.